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ACI 238.1R 08:2008 Edition

ACI 238.1R 08:2008 Edition

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238.1R-08 Report on Measurements of Workability and Rheology of Fresh Concrete

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ACI 2008 74
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This report provides a comprehensive view of workability of fresh concrete and a critical review of the tests available to measure workability and rheological performance of fresh concrete. The report discusses the factors affecting the performance of fresh concrete and provides a better understanding of the issues related to the design of workable concrete, from no flow (zero-slump) to flow like a liquid (self-consolidating concrete). Keywords: rheological measurements; rheology; workability; workability measurements.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
3 CONTENTS
4 CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2— RHEOLOGICAL TERMS RELATED TO CONCRETE
2.1— Notation
2.2—Definitions
5 2.3—Shear flow curves
2.3.1 Rheological models for materials without yield stress
2.3.2 Rheological models for materials with non-zero
yield stress (τ0 ≠ 0)
6 2.3.3 Models predicting rheological properties of
suspensions
CHAPTER 3— TEST METHODS
3.1— Introduction
3.2—Principles of measurements
8 3.3—Description of existing test methods
3.3.1 Workability tests for concrete
3.3.1.1 Confined flow tests
9 3.3.1.1.1 Compaction factor test (or consolidating
factor test)
3.3.1.1.2 Free orifice test (Orimet test)
10 3.3.1.1.3 K-slump tester
11 3.3.1.2 Free flow tests
3.3.1.2.1 Cone penetration test
12 3.3.1.2.2 Delivery-chute depth meter
3.3.1.2.3 Delivery-chute torque meter
13 3.3.1.2.4 Flow trough test
3.3.1.2.5 Kelly ball test
3.3.1.2.6 Modified slump test
14 3.3.1.2.7 Moving sphere viscometer
15 3.3.1.2.8 Ring penetration test
3.3.1.2.9 SLump Rate Machine (SLRM)
3.3.1.2.10 Slump test
17 3.3.1.2.11 Surface settlement test
3.3.1.3 Vibration tests
3.3.1.3.1 Angles flow box test
18 3.3.1.3.2 Compaction test (Walz test, compaction index
test, degree of compaction test)
3.3.1.3.3 Flow table test (DIN flow table)
19 3.3.1.3.4 Inverted slump cone test
20 3.3.1.3.5 LCL flow test
3.3.1.3.6 Powers remolding test
21 3.3.1.3.7 Settlement column segregation test
22 3.3.1.3.8 Thaulow tester
3.3.1.3.9 Vebe consistometer
23 3.3.1.3.10 Vertical pipe apparatus
3.3.1.3.11 Vibrating slope apparatus
24 3.3.1.3.12 Vibratory flow meter
25 3.3.1.3.13 Vibropenetrator
3.3.1.3.14 Wigmore consistometer
3.3.1.4 Rotational rheometers
26 3.3.1.4.1 Bertta apparatus
3.3.1.4.2 BML viscometer
27 3.3.1.4.3 BTRHEOM rheometer
28 3.3.1.4.4 CEMAGREF-IMG
3.3.1.4.5 Concrete truck mixer as rheometer
3.3.1.4.6 Consolis RheoMixer
29 3.3.1.4.7 CONVI Visco-Probe
3.3.1.4.8 FHPCM
30 3.3.1.4.9 Fresh concrete tester 101 (FCT 101)
3.3.1.4.10 ICAR rheometer
31 3.3.1.4.11 IBB rheometer
3.3.1.4.12 Mixer devices
32 3.3.1.4.13 Powers and Wiler plastometer
3.3.1.4.14 Rheometer-4SCC
33 3.3.1.4.15 Soil direct shear test
34 3.3.1.4.16 Tattersall two-point device
35 3.3.1.5 Tests for very high yield-stress concrete
3.3.1.5.1 Intensive compaction test
3.3.1.5.2 Kango hammer test
36 3.3.1.5.3 Proctor test
3.3.1.6 Other test methods
3.3.1.6.1 Multiple single-point tests
3.3.1.6.2 Soil triaxial test
3.3.1.6.3 System and method for controlling concrete
production
37 3.3.1.6.4 Trowel test
3.3.2 Test methods for SCC
3.3.2.1 Column-segregation test
38 3.3.2.2 Fill box test (simulated filling test, filling
capacity box, Kajima test)
3.3.2.3 J-ring test
39 3.3.2.4 L-box test
3.3.2.5 Penetration test for segregation
40 3.3.2.6 Simulated soffit test
3.3.2.7 Slump flow test
3.3.2.8 U-box test
41 3.3.2.9 V-funnel test
42 3.3.2.10 Wet sieving stability test (GTM screen stability
test)
3.3.3 Workability tests for pastes and grouts
3.3.3.1 Flow cone and marsh cone tests
43 3.3.3.2 Lombardi plate (plate cohesion meter)
3.3.3.3 Mini-flow test
3.3.3.4 Mini-slump test
44 3.3.3.5 Turning tube viscometer
3.3.3.6 Vicat needle test
3.3.3.7 ViscoCorder
45 3.3.3.8 Wuerpel device
3.4—Criteria for evaluating test methods
46 CHAPTER 4— FACTORS AFFECTING WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
4.1—Introduction
47 4.2—Effects of cement
4.2.1 Cement content
4.2.2 Cement characteristics
4.3—Effects of water content
4.4—Effects of aggregates
4.4.1 Aggregate volume fraction
4.4.2 Sand-aggregate ratio
4.4.3 Shape and texture
48 4.4.4 Gradation
4.4.5 Microfines content
4.5—Effects of chemical admixtures
4.5.1 Water-reducing admixtures
49 4.5.2 Air-entraining admixtures
50 4.5.3 Viscosity-modifying admixtures
4.5.4 Set-accelerating and set-retarding admixtures
4.5.4.1 Set-retarding admixtures
51 4.5.4.2 Set-accelerating admixtures
4.6—Effects of supplementary cementitious materials
4.6.1 Fly ash
4.6.2 Silica fume
52 4.6.3 Slag cement
4.6.4 Effects of fibers
4.7—Effect of mixing procedure
4.8—Effects of temperature and time
4.8.1 Effect of temperature
53 4.8.2 Coupled effect of temperature and elapsed time
54 CHAPTER 5— EXAMPLES OF USING WORKABILITY TEST METHODS
5.1—Use of gyratory tester to measure workability of no- slump concrete
5.1.1 Background
55 5.1.2 Lab tests
5.1.2.1 Experience from using tester
5.1.2.2 Density measurement
5.1.2.3 Shear force measurement
5.1.2.4 User characteristics
5.1.3 Repeatability
56 5.1.4 Factors affecting workability
57 5.1.4.1 Applications of IC tester
5.1.4.2 Reproducibility of results
5.1.4.3 Comparison of fresh concrete mixtures
5.1.4.4 Can lab results be applied to real life?
5.1.5 Use of IC tester in field
58 5.2—Using rheological measurements to solve problem with flooring grouts
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Experimental methods
5.2.2.1 Materials
5.2.2.2 Rheological tests: rheometer
5.2.2.3 Testing cycle
59 5.2.2.4 Effect of mixing speed and time on rheological
properties
5.2.2.5 Standing time of cement paste
5.2.2.6 Mixture proportions
60 5.2.3 Results
5.2.4 Discussion
61 5.2.5 Conclusions
5.3—Measuring batch-to-batch consistency of self- consolidating concrete
5.3.1 Sample preparation and methods
5.3.2 Results
5.3.3 Conclusion
5.4—Troubleshooting self-consolidating concrete mixtures
5.4.1 Introduction
62 5.4.2 Materials
5.4.3 Test methods
63 5.4.4 Concrete mixtures
5.4.5 Analysis of concrete mixture proportions
64 5.4.5 Analysis of rheological behavior and thixotropy
65 5.4.6 Conclusions
5.5—Use of rheological approach to optimize cement- based grout for underwater crack injection of damaged bridge
66 CHAPTER 6— REFERENCES
6.1—Referenced standards and reports
67 6.2—Cited references

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