ACI 440.4R 04 2004
$37.10
440.4R-04: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons (Reapproved 2011)
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ACI | 2004 | 39 |
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been proposed for use instead of steel prestressing tendons in concrete structures. The promise of FRP materials lies in their high-strength, lightweight, non corroding, nonconducting, and nonmagnetic properties. This document offers general information on the history and use of FRP for prestressing applications and a description of the material properties of FRP. The document focuses on the current state of design, development, and research needed to characterize and ensure the performance of FRP as prestressing reinforcement in concrete structures. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRPs used as prestressed reinforcement. The current development includes a basic understanding of flexure and axial prestressed members, FRP shear reinforcement, bond of FRP tendons, and unbonded or external FRP tendons for prestressing applications. The document concludes with a description of research needs. Keywords: anchorage; bond length; crack; deflection; deformation; development length; ductility; fatigue; jacking stresses; post-tensioning; prestressed concrete; pretensioning; reinforcement ratio; shear; tendon.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 3 | CONTENTS CONTENTS |
| 4 | CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1— INTRODUCTION |
| 5 | 1.1—Organization and limitations of document 1.1—Organization and limitations of document 1.2—Historical development and use of FRP reinforcement 1.2—Historical development and use of FRP reinforcement |
| 6 | 1.3—Design guidelines and technical committees 1.3—Design guidelines and technical committees 1.4—Research efforts 1.4—Research efforts |
| 7 | 1.5—Demonstrations and field applications 1.5—Demonstrations and field applications |
| 8 | 1.6—Definitions 1.6—Definitions |
| 10 | 1.7—Notation 1.7—Notation |
| 11 | CHAPTER 2— FRP TENDONS AND ANCHORAGES CHAPTER 2— FRP TENDONS AND ANCHORAGES 2.1— FRP tendon characterization 2.1— FRP tendon characterization 2.2—Commercial tendons 2.2—Commercial tendons 2.3—Description of tendons 2.3—Description of tendons |
| 13 | 2.4—Anchorage characterization 2.4—Anchorage characterization 2.4.1 Clamp anchorage 2.4.1 Clamp anchorage 2.4.2 Plug and cone anchorage 2.4.2 Plug and cone anchorage |
| 14 | 2.4.3 Straight sleeve anchorage 2.4.3 Straight sleeve anchorage 2.4.4 Contoured sleeve anchorage 2.4.4 Contoured sleeve anchorage 2.4.5 Metal overlaying 2.4.5 Metal overlaying |
| 15 | 2.4.6 Split-wedge anchorage 2.4.6 Split-wedge anchorage 2.4.7 Failure modes of anchorages 2.4.7 Failure modes of anchorages CHAPTER 3— FLEXURAL DESIGN CHAPTER 3— FLEXURAL DESIGN 3.1— General considerations 3.1— General considerations |
| 16 | 3.2—Strength design methodology 3.2—Strength design methodology 3.3—Balanced ratio 3.3—Balanced ratio |
| 17 | 3.4—Flexural design and capacity prediction 3.4—Flexural design and capacity prediction 3.4.1 Bonded construction 3.4.1 Bonded construction 3.4.1.1 Tension-controlled section: ρ ≤ ρb 3.4.1.1 Tension-controlled section: ρ ≤ ρb 3.4.1.2 Compression-controlled section: ρ ≥ ρb 3.4.1.2 Compression-controlled section: ρ ≥ ρb |
| 18 | 3.4.2 Development of flexural capacity for vertically distributed tendons in an under-reinforced section 3.4.2 Development of flexural capacity for vertically distributed tendons in an under-reinforced section 3.4.3 Design implications of vertically distributed tendons 3.4.3 Design implications of vertically distributed tendons 3.4.4 Unbonded construction 3.4.4 Unbonded construction |
| 19 | 3.5—Strength reduction factors for flexure 3.5—Strength reduction factors for flexure 3.6—Flexural service stresses 3.6—Flexural service stresses 3.7—Jacking stresses 3.7—Jacking stresses 3.8—Creep rupture of FRP tendons 3.8—Creep rupture of FRP tendons |
| 20 | 3.9—Correction of stress for harped tendons 3.9—Correction of stress for harped tendons 3.10—Relaxation and friction losses 3.10—Relaxation and friction losses |
| 21 | 3.11—Overall design approach 3.11—Overall design approach 3.12—Ductility or deformability 3.12—Ductility or deformability |
| 22 | 3.13—Minimum reinforcement 3.13—Minimum reinforcement CHAPTER 4— SERVICABILITY CHAPTER 4— SERVICABILITY 4.1—General 4.1—General 4.2—Deflection 4.2—Deflection 4.2.1 Short-term deflection 4.2.1 Short-term deflection 4.2.2 Long-term deflection 4.2.2 Long-term deflection |
| 23 | 4.3—Crack width and spacing 4.3—Crack width and spacing 4.4—Fatigue 4.4—Fatigue CHAPTER 5— SHEAR CHAPTER 5— SHEAR 5.1—General considerations in design of FRP stirrups 5.1—General considerations in design of FRP stirrups |
| 24 | 5.2—Shear strength with FRP stirrups 5.2—Shear strength with FRP stirrups 5.3—Spacing limits for shear reinforcement 5.3—Spacing limits for shear reinforcement 5.4—Minimum amount of shear reinforcement 5.4—Minimum amount of shear reinforcement 5.5—Detailing of shear stirrups 5.5—Detailing of shear stirrups |
| 25 | CHAPTER 6— BOND AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 6— BOND AND DEVELOPMENT 6.1— Introduction 6.1— Introduction 6.2—Transfer length 6.2—Transfer length 6.2.1 Aramid FRP 6.2.1 Aramid FRP 6.2.2 Carbon FRP 6.2.2 Carbon FRP |
| 26 | 6.3—Flexural bond length 6.3—Flexural bond length 6.3.1 Aramid FRP 6.3.1 Aramid FRP 6.3.2 Carbon FRP 6.3.2 Carbon FRP 6.4—Design considerations 6.4—Design considerations |
| 27 | CHAPTER 7— UNBONDED AND EXTERNAL TENDON SYSTEMS CHAPTER 7— UNBONDED AND EXTERNAL TENDON SYSTEMS 7.1—Unbonded prestressed members 7.1—Unbonded prestressed members 7.2—External prestressing 7.2—External prestressing 7.2.1 General 7.2.1 General |
| 28 | 7.2.2 Internal versus external unbonded tendons 7.2.2 Internal versus external unbonded tendons 7.2.3 Design considerations 7.2.3 Design considerations 7.2.4 Stress at ultimate in external unbonded prestressed tendons 7.2.4 Stress at ultimate in external unbonded prestressed tendons |
| 29 | CHAPTER 8— PILE DRIVING AND IN- PLACE FLEXURE CHAPTER 8— PILE DRIVING AND IN- PLACE FLEXURE 8.1— General 8.1— General 8.2—Demonstration studies 8.2—Demonstration studies 8.2.1 Study by Iyer (1995) and Iyer et al. (1996) 8.2.1 Study by Iyer (1995) and Iyer et al. (1996) |
| 30 | 8.2.2 Study by Arockiasamy and Amer (1998) 8.2.2 Study by Arockiasamy and Amer (1998) 8.2.3 Study by Schiebel and Nanni (2000) 8.2.3 Study by Schiebel and Nanni (2000) |
| 31 | 8.3—Discussion 8.3—Discussion 8.4—Conclusions 8.4—Conclusions CHAPTER 9— RESEARCH NEEDS CHAPTER 9— RESEARCH NEEDS |
| 32 | CHAPTER 10— REFERENCES CHAPTER 10— REFERENCES 10.1— Referenced standards and reports 10.1— Referenced standards and reports 10.2—Cited references 10.2—Cited references |
| 36 | APPENDIX A— DESIGN EXAMPLE APPENDIX A— DESIGN EXAMPLE Example 1— Pretensioned single T- beam Example 1— Pretensioned single T- beam |
