2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals TOC
$6.50
ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASHRAE | 2009 | 975 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | ip09FrontCover |
| 2 | 09FrontMatter_I-P |
| 3 | Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER |
| 10 | ip09Inside4VolTOC 2009 FUNDAMENTALS 2008 HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT |
| 11 | 2007 HVAC APPLICATIONS 2006 REFRIGERATION |
| 13 | ip09Spine |
| 14 | I-P_F09_Ch01 Composition of Dry and Moist Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere |
| 15 | Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters |
| 25 | Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air |
| 26 | Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties |
| 27 | Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure Psychrometric Charts |
| 29 | Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams |
| 30 | Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air |
| 31 | Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains |
| 32 | Transport Properties of Moist Air Symbols |
| 33 | References Bibliography |
| 34 | I-P_F09_Ch02 Thermodynamics Stored Energy Energy in Transition |
| 35 | First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| 36 | Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles Equations of State |
| 37 | Calculating Thermodynamic Properties |
| 38 | Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems |
| 39 | Compression Refrigeration Cycles Carnot Cycle |
| 40 | Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture |
| 41 | Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle |
| 42 | Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture |
| 43 | Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles |
| 44 | Actual Refrigeration Systems |
| 46 | Absorption Refrigeration Cycles Ideal Thermal Cycle Working Fluid Phase Change Constraints |
| 47 | Temperature Glide Working Fluids |
| 48 | Absorption Cycle Representations Conceptualizing the Cycle |
| 49 | Absorption Cycle Modeling Analysis and Performance Simulation |
| 50 | Double-Effect Cycle |
| 51 | Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles |
| 52 | Symbols |
| 53 | References Bibliography |
| 54 | I-P_F09_Ch03 Fluid Properties Density Viscosity |
| 55 | Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction |
| 56 | Laminar Flow Turbulence Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction |
| 57 | Boundary Layer Flow Patterns with Separation |
| 58 | Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects |
| 59 | Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction |
| 61 | Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses |
| 62 | Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems |
| 63 | Flow Measurement |
| 64 | Unsteady Flow |
| 65 | Compressibility |
| 66 | Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation Noise in Fluid Flow |
| 67 | Symbols References Bibliography |
| 68 | I-P_F09_Ch04 Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection |
| 69 | Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux |
| 70 | Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction |
| 71 | Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors Extended Surfaces |
| 75 | Transient Conduction |
| 78 | Thermal Radiation Blackbody Radiation |
| 79 | Actual Radiation |
| 80 | Angle Factor |
| 81 | Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces |
| 83 | Radiation in Gases Thermal Convection Forced Convection |
| 88 | Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis |
| 90 | Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients Heat Transfer Augmentation |
| 91 | Passive Techniques |
| 94 | Active Techniques |
| 97 | Symbols |
| 98 | Greek Subscripts References |
| 100 | Bibliography Fins |
| 101 | Heat Exchangers Heat Transfer, General |
| 102 | I-P_F09_Ch05 Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems |
| 105 | Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Flooded Evaporators Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes |
| 108 | Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 109 | Condensing Condensation on Inside Surface of Horizontal Tubes |
| 111 | Noncondensable Gases |
| 112 | Other Impurities Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation |
| 113 | Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation |
| 114 | Recommendations Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers |
| 115 | Enhanced Surfaces Symbols |
| 116 | References |
| 120 | I-P_F09_Ch06 Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures |
| 121 | Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient |
| 122 | Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas |
| 123 | Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids |
| 124 | Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer |
| 128 | Lewis Relation Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential |
| 129 | Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment |
| 130 | Air Washers |
| 131 | Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils |
| 132 | Symbols |
| 133 | References Bibliography |
| 134 | I-P_F09_Ch07 Terminology |
| 135 | Types of Control Action Two-Position Action Modulating Control |
| 136 | Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating |
| 137 | Classification by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control Control Components Controlled Devices Valves |
| 139 | Dampers |
| 141 | Positive (Pilot) Positioners Sensors |
| 142 | Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors Pressure Transmitters and Transducers |
| 143 | Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Controllers Digital Controllers |
| 144 | Electric/Electronic Controllers Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats Auxiliary Control Devices |
| 147 | Communication Networks for Building Automation Systems Communication Protocols OSI Network Model Network Structure |
| 148 | Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks |
| 149 | Transmission Media |
| 150 | Specifying BAS Networks Specification Method Communication Tasks Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols |
| 151 | Gateways and Interfaces Specifying DDC Systems Commissioning Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers |
| 152 | Tuning Digital Controllers |
| 153 | Computer Modeling of Control Systems Codes and Standards References Bibliography |
| 154 | I-P_F09_Ch08 Acoustical Design Objective Characteristics of Sound Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level |
| 155 | Frequency Speed Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level |
| 156 | Combining Sound Levels Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound |
| 157 | Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance Measuring Sound Instrumentation Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths |
| 158 | Sound Measurement Basics |
| 159 | Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level |
| 160 | Measurement of Acoustic Intensity Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method |
| 161 | Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure |
| 162 | Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission Room-to-Room Transmission |
| 163 | Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield Controlling Sound Terminology |
| 164 | Enclosures and Barriers Partitions |
| 165 | Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums |
| 166 | Standards for Testing Duct Silencers System Effects Human Response to Sound Noise |
| 167 | Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Loudness |
| 168 | Acceptable Frequency Spectrum Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) |
| 169 | Noise Criteria (NC) Method Balanced Noise Criteria (NCB) Method |
| 170 | Room Criterion (RC) Method Room Criteria (RC) Mark II Method Procedure for Determining the RC Mark II Rating for a System |
| 171 | Estimating Occupant Satisfaction Using QAI Criteria Selection Guidelines Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model |
| 172 | Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency |
| 173 | Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations Vibration Measurement Basics |
| 174 | Symbols References |
| 175 | Bibliography |
| 176 | I-P_F09_Ch09 Human Thermoregulation |
| 177 | Energy Balance Thermal Exchanges with the Environment |
| 178 | Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin |
| 179 | Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations |
| 180 | Total Skin Heat Loss |
| 181 | Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency |
| 182 | Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 183 | Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency |
| 185 | Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters |
| 186 | Conditions for Thermal Comfort |
| 187 | Thermal Complaints |
| 188 | Thermal Comfort and Task Performance |
| 189 | Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation Draft |
| 190 | Vertical Air Temperature Difference Warm or Cold Floors |
| 191 | Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Age Adaptation Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance |
| 193 | Two-Node Model |
| 194 | Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort |
| 195 | Environmental Indices Effective Temperature |
| 196 | Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature |
| 197 | Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index |
| 198 | Special Environments Infrared Heating |
| 199 | Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating Hot and Humid Environments |
| 200 | Extremely Cold Environments |
| 202 | Symbols Codes and Standards |
| 203 | References |
| 205 | Bibliography |
| 206 | I-P_F09_Ch10 Background |
| 207 | Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences Epidemiology and Biostatistics |
| 208 | Industrial Hygiene Microbiology and Mycology Toxicology Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control |
| 209 | Airborne Contaminants Particles Industrial Environments |
| 210 | Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei |
| 211 | Particles in Nonindustrial Environments Bioaerosols |
| 213 | Gaseous Contaminants |
| 214 | Industrial Environments Nonindustrial Environments |
| 217 | Physical Agents Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions Hypothermia |
| 218 | Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves |
| 219 | Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces Electrical Hazards Mechanical Energies Vibration |
| 220 | Standard Limits |
| 221 | Sound and Noise Electromagnetic Radiation |
| 222 | Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation |
| 223 | Ergonomics |
| 224 | References |
| 228 | I-P_F09_Ch11 Classes of Air Contaminants |
| 229 | Particulate Contaminants Particulate Matter Solid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles |
| 231 | Particle Size Distribution Units of Measurement Measurement of Airborne Particles |
| 233 | Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols Units of Measurement |
| 234 | Sampling Control |
| 235 | Gaseous Contaminants Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants |
| 237 | Units of Measurement Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants |
| 238 | Volatile Organic Compounds |
| 240 | Controlling Exposure to VOCs |
| 241 | Inorganic Gases Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases |
| 242 | Air Contaminants by Source Outdoor Air Contaminants |
| 243 | Industrial Air Contaminants Nonindustrial Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 244 | Flammable Gases and Vapors |
| 245 | Combustible Dusts |
| 246 | Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon |
| 247 | Soil Gases References |
| 249 | Bibliography |
| 250 | I-P_F09_Ch12 Odor Sources Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli |
| 251 | Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors |
| 252 | Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Intensity |
| 253 | Character |
| 254 | Hedonics Dilution of Odors by Ventilation Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Odor Units |
| 255 | Olf Units References |
| 257 | Bibliography |
| 258 | I-P_F09_Ch13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background |
| 260 | Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES) |
| 261 | Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids |
| 262 | Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence |
| 263 | Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions |
| 264 | Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions |
| 265 | Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions |
| 266 | Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results |
| 267 | Verification |
| 269 | Validation |
| 270 | Reporting CFD Results |
| 271 | Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory |
| 272 | Solution Techniques |
| 273 | Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Solution Techniques Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Steps |
| 274 | Verification and Validation Analytical Verification |
| 275 | Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation |
| 277 | Symbols |
| 278 | References |
| 280 | Bibliography |
| 282 | I-P_F09_Ch14 Climatic Design Conditions Annual Design Conditions |
| 284 | Monthly Design Conditions |
| 285 | Data Sources Calculation of Design Conditions |
| 286 | Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions |
| 288 | Calculating clear-sky solar radiation Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time |
| 289 | Declination Sun Position |
| 290 | Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations |
| 291 | Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface |
| 292 | Generating Design-Day Data Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days |
| 293 | Annual Degree-Days Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data |
| 294 | Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change |
| 295 | Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature |
| 296 | Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals |
| 297 | Typical Year Data Sets Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations Global Weather Data Source Web Page Observational Data Sets References |
| 298 | Bibliography |
| 299 | I-P_F09_Ch15 Fenestration Components Glazing Units |
| 300 | Framing Shading Determining Fenestration Energy Flow |
| 302 | U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor |
| 303 | Frame U-Factor Curtain Wall Construction Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients |
| 310 | Representative U-Factors for Doors |
| 311 | Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers |
| 313 | Optical Properties of Glazing Systems |
| 315 | Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient |
| 316 | Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values |
| 317 | Airflow Windows Skylights Glass Block Walls |
| 326 | Plastic Materials for Glazing Calculation of Solar Heat Gain |
| 327 | Opaque Fenestration Elements Shading and Fenestration Attachments Shading Roof Overhangs: Horizontal and Vertical Projections |
| 328 | Fenestration Attachments |
| 329 | Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades |
| 330 | Drapery |
| 331 | Roller Shades and Insect Screens |
| 347 | Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices Double Drapery |
| 348 | Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration Indoor Air Movement |
| 349 | Daylighting Daylight Prediction |
| 350 | Light Transmittance and Daylight Use |
| 352 | Selecting Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings Condensation Resistance |
| 354 | Occupant Comfort and Acceptance |
| 355 | Sound Reduction Strength and Safety |
| 356 | Life-Cycle Costs Durability Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows |
| 357 | Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) The ICC 2006 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Draft Standard 189.1P |
| 358 | Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Symbols References |
| 361 | I-P_F09_Ch16 Sustainability Rating Systems Basic Concepts and Terminology Ventilation and Infiltration |
| 362 | Ventilation Air Forced-Air Distribution Systems Outside Air Fraction |
| 363 | Room Air Movement Air Exchange Rate |
| 364 | Time Constants Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Age of Air |
| 365 | Air Change Effectiveness Tracer Gas Measurements Decay or Growth |
| 366 | Constant Concentration Constant Injection Multizone Air Exchange Measurement Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Stack Pressure |
| 367 | Wind Pressure |
| 368 | Mechanical Systems Combining Driving Forces |
| 369 | Neutral Pressure Level Thermal Draft Coefficient |
| 370 | Indoor Air Quality |
| 371 | Protection from Extraordinary Events Thermal Loads |
| 372 | Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings |
| 373 | Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only |
| 374 | Natural Ventilation Guidelines Hybrid Ventilation Residential Air Leakage Envelope Leakage Measurement |
| 375 | Airtightness Ratings Conversion Between Ratings Building Air Leakage Data |
| 376 | Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution |
| 377 | Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Residential Ventilation |
| 379 | Residential Ventilation Zones Shelter in Place Safe Havens Residential Ventilation and IAQ Control Requirements |
| 380 | Source Control Local Exhaust |
| 381 | Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems |
| 382 | Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Empirical Models Multizone Models Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects |
| 383 | Residential Calculation Examples |
| 384 | Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation |
| 385 | Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Commercial Building Envelope Leakage Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions |
| 386 | Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors |
| 387 | Air Exchange Through Air Curtains Commercial and Institutional Ventilation |
| 388 | Ventilation Rate Procedure Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings Office Building Example Location Building Occupancy |
| 389 | Infiltration Local Exhausts |
| 390 | Ventilation |
| 391 | Symbols References |
| 396 | Bibliography |
| 397 | I-P_F09_Ch17 Residential Features Calculation Approach |
| 398 | Other Methods Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method |
| 399 | Common Data and Procedures General Guidelines Basic Relationships Design Conditions |
| 400 | Building Data |
| 401 | Load Components |
| 404 | Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces Slab Floors |
| 405 | Transparent Fenestration Surfaces |
| 406 | Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load |
| 407 | Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space |
| 408 | Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Pickup Load Summary of Heating Load Procedures Load Calculation Example Solution |
| 410 | Symbols |
| 411 | References |
| 412 | Bibliography |
| 413 | I-P_F09_Ch18 Cooling Load Calculation Principles Terminology Heat Flow Rates |
| 414 | Time Delay Effect Cooling Load Calculation Methods Cooling Load Calculations in Practice |
| 415 | Data Assembly Internal Heat Gains People Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting |
| 418 | Electric Motors Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection Appliances |
| 419 | Cooking Appliances |
| 420 | Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Office Equipment |
| 423 | Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains Infiltration |
| 425 | Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values |
| 426 | Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion Other Latent Loads Fenestration Heat Gain Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains |
| 427 | Exterior Shading Heat Balance Method Assumptions Elements Outside-Face Heat Balance |
| 428 | Wall Conduction Process Inside-Face Heat Balance |
| 429 | Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain |
| 430 | Air Heat Balance General Zone for Load Calculation |
| 431 | Mathematical Description Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations Overall HB Iterative Solution |
| 432 | Input Required Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method |
| 433 | Assumptions and Principles Overview |
| 434 | RTS Procedure Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature |
| 435 | Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series |
| 437 | Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors |
| 438 | Calculating Cooling Load |
| 440 | Heating Load Calculations |
| 442 | Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses |
| 444 | Infiltration Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances Other Heating Considerations System Heating and Cooling Load Effects Zoning |
| 445 | Ventilation Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans |
| 446 | Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures |
| 447 | Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Floor Plenum Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations Central Plant Piping |
| 448 | Pumps Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Single-Room Example Room Characteristics Cooling Loads Using RTS Method |
| 456 | Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load |
| 457 | Whole-Building Example Design Process and Shell Building Definition |
| 458 | Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition |
| 459 | Room by Room Cooling and Heating Loads |
| 460 | Conclusions |
| 461 | Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References |
| 464 | Bibliography |
| 467 | Building Example Drawings |
| 475 | I-P_F09_Ch19 General Considerations Models and Approaches Characteristics of Models Forward Models |
| 476 | Data-Driven Models |
| 477 | Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs Tools for Energy Analysis Component Modeling and Loads Calculating Space Sensible Loads |
| 478 | Heat Balance Method |
| 479 | Weighting-Factor Method |
| 480 | Normalized Coefficients of Space Air Transfer Functions Thermal-Network Methods |
| 481 | Ground Heat Transfer Simplified Calculation Method for Slab Foundations and Basements |
| 483 | Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems |
| 484 | Heat and Mass Transfer Components |
| 485 | Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils |
| 486 | Primary System Components Modeling Strategies |
| 488 | Boiler Model |
| 489 | Vapor Compression Chiller Models |
| 490 | Cooling Tower Model |
| 491 | System Modeling Overall Modeling Strategies Degree-Day and Bin Methods |
| 492 | Balance Point Temperature Annual Degree-Day Method |
| 494 | Monthly Degree-Days |
| 495 | Bin Method |
| 496 | Correlation Methods Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems |
| 497 | Modeling of System Controls Integration of System Models |
| 498 | Data-Driven Modeling Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Calibrated Simulation Approach |
| 499 | Gray-Box Approach Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models |
| 503 | Dynamic Models |
| 504 | Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models |
| 505 | Model Selection MODEL VALIDATION AND TESTING |
| 506 | Methodological Basis External Error Types Internal Error Types |
| 507 | Summary of Previous Testing and Validation Work References |
| 511 | Bibliography |
| 515 | I-P_F09_Ch20 Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability |
| 516 | Applicable Standards and Codes Terminology |
| 517 | Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals |
| 520 | Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Surface Jets (Wall and Ceiling) |
| 521 | Multiple Jets Airflow in Occupied Zone System Design Mixed-Air Systems Outlet Types |
| 523 | Outlet Selection and Location |
| 525 | Inlet Selection and Location Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion |
| 526 | System Performance Evaluation |
| 528 | Fully Stratified Systems Convective Flows Associated with Space Heat Sources Characteristics of Thermal Plumes |
| 529 | Vertical temperature Distribution |
| 530 | Contaminant Distribution Design Methods Ventilation and Heating Outlet Types |
| 531 | Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location System Performance Evaluation Partially Mixed Systems |
| 532 | Lower (Mixed) Zone Stratified Zone Upper (Mixed) Zone Temperature Near Floor Stratification Height |
| 533 | Controlling Stratification Heating Systems Outlets Types Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location |
| 534 | System Performance Evaluation Task/Ambient Conditioning (TAC) Symbols References |
| 536 | Bibliography |
| 537 | I-P_F09_Ch21 Bernoulli Equation |
| 538 | Head and Pressure Static Pressure Velocity Pressure Total Pressure Pressure Measurement System Analysis |
| 541 | Pressure Changes in System |
| 542 | Fluid Resistance Friction Losses Darcy and Colebrook Equations Roughness Factors |
| 543 | Friction Chart Noncircular Ducts |
| 545 | Dynamic Losses Local Loss Coefficients Duct Fitting Database Bends in Flexible Duct |
| 547 | Ductwork Sectional Losses Darcy-Weisbach Equation Fan/System Interface Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Fan System Effect Coefficients |
| 549 | Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Considerations Duct System Design Design Considerations Space Pressure Relationships Fire and Smoke Management |
| 550 | Duct Insulation Duct System Leakage |
| 551 | System Component Design Velocities |
| 552 | System and Duct Noise Testing and Balancing Duct Design Methods Equal-Friction Method Static Regain Method |
| 553 | T-Method Balancing Dampers Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems |
| 554 | HVAC Duct Design Procedures |
| 555 | Industrial Exhaust System Duct Design |
| 557 | References |
| 562 | Fitting Loss Coefficients Round Fittings |
| 588 | Rectangular Fittings |
| 605 | I-P_F09_Ch22 Pressure Drop Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses |
| 608 | Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses |
| 609 | Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation Erosion Allowances for Aging |
| 610 | Water Hammer Other Considerations Other Piping Materials and Fluids Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts Air Separation |
| 612 | Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop Service Water Piping |
| 615 | Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems |
| 616 | Steam Piping Pipe Sizes |
| 617 | Sizing Charts Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems |
| 623 | One-Pipe Systems |
| 624 | Gas Piping |
| 625 | Fuel Oil Piping |
| 626 | Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References |
| 629 | I-P_F09_Ch23 Design Considerations Energy Conservation Economic Thickness |
| 630 | Personnel Protection |
| 631 | Condensation Control Freeze Prevention |
| 632 | Noise Control |
| 633 | Fire Safety |
| 634 | Corrosion Under Insulation |
| 635 | Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials Physical Properties of Insulation Materials |
| 636 | Weather Protection |
| 637 | Vapor Retarders |
| 638 | Installation Pipe Insulation |
| 640 | Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Ducts |
| 643 | Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Controlling Surface Temperatures |
| 645 | Project Specifications |
| 646 | Standards |
| 647 | References |
| 649 | I-P_F09_Ch24 Flow Patterns |
| 651 | Wind Pressure on Buildings Local Wind Pressure Coefficients |
| 652 | Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Roof Pressures |
| 653 | Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures |
| 654 | Sources of Wind Data Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations |
| 655 | Wind Effects on System Operation Natural and Mechanical Ventilation |
| 657 | Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Chemical Hood Operation Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control Physical and Computational Modeling Computational Modeling |
| 658 | Physical Modeling |
| 659 | Similarity Requirements Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs |
| 660 | Symbols References |
| 662 | Bibliography |
| 663 | I-P_F09_Ch25 Terminology and Symbols Heat |
| 664 | Air Moisture Environmental Hygrothermal Loads Ambient Temperature and Humidity |
| 665 | Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation Wind-Driven Rain |
| 666 | Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water Air Pressure Differentials Heat Transfer |
| 667 | Steady-State Thermal Response Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly |
| 668 | Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly |
| 669 | Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths Thermal Bridges and Whole-Assembly Thermal Transmittance Transient Thermal Response Airflow |
| 670 | Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Heat Flux with Airflow Moisture Transfer Moisture Storage in Building Materials |
| 672 | Moisture Flow Mechanisms Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Flow by Capillary Suction |
| 673 | Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content |
| 674 | Transient Moisture Flow Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses Surface Humidity and Condensation |
| 675 | Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Methods Transient Computational Analysis |
| 676 | Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure |
| 677 | Energy Efficiency References |
| 679 | I-P_F09_Ch26 Thermal Properties Air Spaces Surface Resistances Air Cavities |
| 680 | Building and Thermal Insulation Materials Thermal Insulation Materials |
| 682 | Basic Materials Physical Structure and Form Apparent Thermal Conductivity |
| 689 | Mechanical Properties Health and Safety |
| 690 | Acoustics Other Properties Building Materials Property Data Soils |
| 691 | Air Transmission and Hygric Properties Air Barriers and Water Vapor Retarders Air Barriers |
| 692 | Vapor Retarders Functions and Properties |
| 693 | Classifications Air Transmission and Water Vapor Property Data Moisture Storage Data |
| 696 | Codes and Standards |
| 697 | References |
| 700 | Bibliography |
| 701 | I-P_F09_Ch27 Heat Transfer One-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wall U-Factor |
| 702 | Roof U-Factor Attics Basement Walls and Floors |
| 703 | Two-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls |
| 704 | Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal |
| 705 | Zone Method of Calculation |
| 706 | Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities |
| 707 | Complex Assemblies |
| 708 | Windows and Doors Moisture Transport Wall or Roof with Insulated Sheathing Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis |
| 709 | Winter Wall Wetting Examples |
| 711 | Transient Hygrothermal Modeling |
| 712 | Air Movement Equivalent Permeance References |
| 713 | Bibliography |
| 715 | I-P_F09_Ch28 Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits |
| 716 | Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes |
| 717 | Heating Value Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels Altitude Compensation |
| 718 | Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances |
| 719 | Fuel Classification Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties |
| 720 | Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils Characteristics of Fuel Oils |
| 721 | Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Table 5 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils Table 6 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil |
| 722 | Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines Solid Fuels Types of Coals Table 7 Classification of Coals by Ranka |
| 723 | Characteristics of Coal Table 8 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals Combustion Calculations |
| 724 | Air Required for Combustion Table 9 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels |
| 725 | Table 10 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels Table 11 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced |
| 726 | Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Sample Combustion Calculations |
| 727 | Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Efficiency Calculations Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point |
| 728 | Seasonal Efficiency Combustion Considerations Air Pollution |
| 729 | Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels |
| 730 | Table 12 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Without Emission Controls Condensation and Corrosion |
| 731 | Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances Soot References |
| 732 | Bibliography |
| 733 | I-P_F09_Ch29 Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties |
| 736 | Physical Properties |
| 737 | Electrical Properties Sound Velocity |
| 738 | Refrigerant Performance |
| 740 | Safety Leak Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method UV Dye Method |
| 741 | Ammonia Leaks Effect on Construction Materials Metals Elastomers |
| 742 | Plastics References Bibliography |
| 743 | I-P_F09_Ch30 |
| 744 | Refrigerant 12 |
| 746 | Refrigerant 22 |
| 748 | Refrigerant 23 |
| 750 | Refrigerant 32 |
| 752 | Refrigerant 123 |
| 754 | Refrigerant 124 |
| 756 | Refrigerant 125 |
| 758 | Refrigerant 134a |
| 762 | Refrigerant 143a |
| 764 | Refrigerant 152a |
| 766 | Refrigerant 245fa |
| 768 | Refrigerant 404A |
| 770 | Refrigerant 407C |
| 772 | Refrigerant 410A |
| 774 | Refrigerant 507A |
| 776 | Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) |
| 778 | Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) |
| 780 | Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) |
| 782 | Refrigerant 50 (Methane) |
| 784 | Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) |
| 786 | Refrigerant 290 (Propane) |
| 788 | Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) |
| 790 | Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) |
| 792 | Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) |
| 794 | Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) |
| 796 | Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen) |
| 798 | Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen) |
| 800 | Refrigerant 704 (Helium) |
| 802 | Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) |
| 804 | Refrigerant 729 (Air) |
| 806 | Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) |
| 808 | Refrigerant 740 (Argon) |
| 810 | Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park |
| 812 | Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 813 | Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions |
| 814 | References |
| 819 | I-P_F09_Ch31 Brines Physical Properties |
| 822 | Corrosion Inhibition Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties |
| 829 | Corrosion Inhibition Service Considerations |
| 830 | Halocarbons |
| 831 | Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids References Bibliography |
| 832 | I-P_F09_Ch32 Desiccant Applications Desiccant Cycle |
| 834 | Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents |
| 835 | Solid Adsorbents |
| 836 | Desiccant Isotherms Desiccant Life Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants |
| 837 | References Bibliography |
| 838 | I-P_F09_Ch33 |
| 841 | References |
| 842 | I-P_F09_Ch34 Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Forms of On-Site Energy Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Characteristics of Fossil Fuels and Electricity |
| 843 | On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Intangible Relationships |
| 844 | Summary Energy Resource Planning Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) Tradable Emission Credits |
| 845 | Overview of Global Energy Resources World Energy Resources Production Reserves |
| 846 | Consumption |
| 847 | Carbon Emissions U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption |
| 848 | Projected Overall Energy Consumption |
| 849 | Outlook Summary U.S. Agencies and Associations References Bibliography |
| 850 | I-P_F09_Ch35 Definition Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role |
| 851 | Factors Impacting Sustainability Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability Fresh Water Supply |
| 852 | Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change |
| 853 | Regulatory Environment Evolving Standards of Care Changing Design Process |
| 854 | Other Opportunities Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects |
| 855 | Building Energy Use Elements |
| 857 | References Bibliography |
| 858 | I-P_F09_Ch36 Terminology |
| 860 | Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable |
| 861 | Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging |
| 862 | Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors Resistance Thermometers |
| 863 | Resistance Temperature Devices |
| 864 | Thermistors Semiconductor Devices Thermocouples |
| 865 | Wire Diameter and Composition Multiple Thermocouples |
| 866 | Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction Optical Pyrometry Infrared Radiation Thermometers Infrared Thermography |
| 867 | Humidity Measurement Psychrometers |
| 868 | Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers Mechanical Hygrometers Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers Dunmore Hygrometers |
| 869 | Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Electrolytic Hygrometers Piezoelectric Sorption Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers Gravimetric Hygrometers Calibration |
| 870 | Pressure Measurement Units Instruments Pressure Standards Mechanical Pressure Gages |
| 871 | Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations |
| 872 | Air Velocity Measurement Airborne Tracer Techniques Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers |
| 874 | Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Pitot-Static Tubes Example Calculation |
| 875 | Measuring Flow in Ducts |
| 876 | Airflow-Measuring Hoods Flow Rate Measurement Flow Measurement Methods Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters |
| 878 | Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) Positive-Displacement Meters Turbine Flowmeters |
| 879 | Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement |
| 880 | Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Measurement Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Calibration |
| 881 | Applications Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Closed-Cell Sensors Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Colorimetric Detector Tubes |
| 882 | Laboratory Measurements Electric Measurement Ammeters Voltmeters Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters Rotative Speed Measurement Tachometers Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators |
| 884 | Sound and Vibration Measurement Sound Measurement Microphones Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers |
| 885 | Calibration Vibration Measurement Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration |
| 886 | Lighting Measurement Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature |
| 887 | Air Humidity Calculating Thermal Comfort Integrating Instruments Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Sorption Isotherm Vapor Permeability |
| 888 | Liquid Diffusivity Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance Air Contaminant Measurement |
| 889 | Combustion Analysis Flue Gas Analysis Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording |
| 890 | Data-Logging Devices Standards |
| 891 | Symbols |
| 892 | References |
| 893 | Bibliography |
| 894 | I-P_F09_Ch37 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs Letter Symbols |
| 903 | Piping System Identification Definitions Method of Identification |
| 904 | Codes and Standards |
| 906 | I-P_F09_Ch38 |
| 908 | I-P_F09_Ch39 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations (Continued) |
| 933 | Organizations |
| 936 | 2009INDEX_I-PIX |
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