Name: ASHRAE Book 20thCenturyAirConditioning 2021 PDF - PDF Standards Store
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Air Conditioning Transformed the 20th Century Air conditioning for comfort in buildings developed rapidly over the 20th century. From the earliest approaches of blowing air through cheesecloth filters and over blocks of ice, through the movie theatre boom of the 1920s that spurred advancement in ventilation technologies, to the sophisticated mechanical refrigeration systems of the mid and late century, air conditioning has driven change in many of the world

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8	Contents
16	Chapter 01 Alfred R. Wolff Figure 1.1 Alfred Wolff2
17	Figure 1.2 Marine cutter Richard Rush6 Carnegie Hall
18	Figure 1.4 Artist’s impression of the New Music Hall12
19	Figure 1.5 Annotated Contemporary Drawing of Carnegie Hall’s Heating and Ventilating Plant15 Figure 1.6 Ice Rack at Bottom of Air Inlet Shaft18
20	The Lenox Lyceum Theatre The American Theatre in New York
21	Figure 1.8 Sturtevant Cone Wheel Fan26
22	Figure 1.11 Knowles Mushroom Air Diffuser circa 1890
23	Tall Buildings Cornell Medical College
24	Figure 1.13 Attic Plant Room
25	Figure 1.16 Pontifex-Hendrick Advertisement, 189941 Hanover National Bank
26	Figure 1.18 Hanover National Bank44
27	Figure 1.21 New York Stock Exchange Building, 190350 The New York Stock Exchange
29	Figure 1.22 Henry Torrance, Jr.60 Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling the Board Room of the New York Stock Exchange
30	Figure 1.23 New York Stock Exchange Basement Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Plant Room64
31	Figure 1.24 the New York Stock Exchange68
32	The Louisiana Purchase Exhibition
33	Figure 1.25 Board Room Gallery Glazing72
34	Figure 1.28 The Missouri Building82
36	Chapter 02 City Pollution—The Impetus for Cleaning Air
37	Air Washer Inventions Figure 2.1 Zellweger Combined Fan and Air Washer12
38	Figure 2.3 Acme Air Washer Patent Diagram14
39	Willis H. Carrier Figure 2.5 Advertisement for Walter Timmis, New York Times (1908)19 Figure 2.6 Sackett & Wilhelms Lithographic Printing Factory (1903)20
40	Figure 2.7 Willis Carrier (Cornell Year Book 1901)24
42	Figure 2.8 Front Page, Heating and Ventilation, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1904)36
43	Figure 2.9 Carrier Air Washer, Diagram from Patent Application, 190438
45	Figure 2.12 Carrier Differential Thermostat51 Air Conditioning— Stuart W. Cramer
46	Figure 2.14 Stuart W. Cramer56 Figure 2.15 Cramer’s Humidifier in a Spinning Room60
47	Figure 2.16 A Silk Mill Installation from Carrier’s 1908 Air Conditioning Brochure63 Courtesy Carrier Corporation
48	Chapter 03 The Larkin Administrative Building
49	Figure 3.1 One of the Four “Air Purifying and Cooling Devices”9 Courtesy Jack Quinan
50	Figure 3.2 Kroeschell Advertisement, Ice and Refrigeration, June 189911
51	Figure 3.3 Layout of Plant and Ducts in Basement12 Courtesy Jack Quinan
52	Rapid Adoption of Air Washers—Theatres
53	Figure 3.4 McCreery Air Washer25
54	Figure 3.6 An Example of the Amount of Dirt Caught by an Air Washer29 Air Washers for Comfort Cooling
55	Figure 3.7 Webster Air Washer37
56	Figure 3.10 Braemer’s hygrometric chart40 Air Washers and Surface Cooling— Fred Wittenmeier
57	The Congress Hotel, Chicago Figure 3.11 Gold Room, Congress Hotel
58	Figure 3.12 Ground Floor Plan, Congress Hotel47
59	Figure 3.13 Congress Hotel Cooling Plant, Pompeian Room53 The Blackstone Hotel, Chicago
60	Figure 3.14 CO2 Compressors, Blackstone Hotel62 The Science of Air Washers and Humidity Control
61	The Vento Heating Coil
62	Figure 3.16 Otto Armspach81 Otto Armspach
63	Carrier Engineering Corporation The ASHVE Research Facility
64	Figure 3.17 Hill’s Synthetic Chart83
66	Chapter 04 Nickelodeons and Silent Movies Figure 4.1 Grand Moving Picture Theatre Explosion
67	Nickelodeons and Health Figure 4.2 San Francisco Call Article on Ventilation Requirements in Nickelodeons6
69	Figure 4.4 Castle Theatre’s “Superior Ventilation” The Roaring 20s— Mechanical Cooling in Theatres Fred Wittenmeier—Cooling Chicago’s Movie Theatres
70	Figure 4.6 Riviera Advertisement Promoting “Air Refrigeration”22
71	Figure 4.8 Wittenmeier Advertisement (1920)27
72	Figure 4.9 Wittenmeier’s Temperature Measurements at the Riviera Theatre31 Tivoli Theatre, Chicago
73	Orpheum Theatre, Minneapolis, MN Figure 4.10 Artist’s Impression of the New Theatre in Minneapolis (1921)
74	Downflow Heating, Cooling, and Ventilating Systems Figure 4.13 Section through Grauman’s Metropolitan Theatre Roof Showing Heating and Cooling Plant44
75	McVickers Theatre, Chicago Figure 4.14 Advertisement of the McVickers Theatre 48
76	The Science of Comfort Figure 4.15 A Representative Group of the 130 Observers from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, 192250
77	Figure 4.16 Sample Results to Determine Equivalent Comfort Conditions51 Figure 4.17 Comfort Zone (Humans at Rest)53
78	Carrier’s Centrifugal Refrigeration Machine
79	Figure 4.18 Taylor Separation Chamber62 Lewis and the Energy Saving Bypass Method
80	Figure 4.20 Three Carrier 75-ton Units at the Stephen F. Whitman and Sons’ Philadelphia Candy Plant65
81	Figure 4.22 Evolution of Lewis’s Bypass System
82	Exporting Air Conditioning Figure 4.23 Carrier Centrifugal Machine, Carlton Theatre, 1927 Courtesy CIBSE Heritage Group BBC Broadcasting House
83	Figure 4.24 Carrier Centrifugal Chiller (200 ton) at the BBC Broadcasting House76 Courtesy Carrier Corporation 1929 Sydney State Theatre
84	Figure 4.25 Sydney State Theatre, Original Refrigeration Machine Courtesy John Gibson
85	Figure 4.26 State Theatre Refrigeration Machine Nameplate Courtesy John Gibson
86	Chapter 05 The New Madison Square Garden, New York
87	Air-Conditioning Multistory Buildings Figure 5.1 Madison Square Garden, 1925 Courtesy Carrier Corporation
88	The Milam Building, San Antonio Figure 5.2 Milam Building, October 192713
89	Figure 5.3 Milam Building Typical Upper Floor Plan14
90	Figure 5.4 Milam Building Original Glazed Office Door with Exhaust Louver17
91	Union Trust Building, Detroit Figure 5.6 Cross section of Union Trust Building20 Figure 5.7 Ceiling Duct Layout for Typical Union Trust Office Floor21
92	Figure 5.8 Holes in Beams for Ducts22 Figure 5.9 Plan of Union Trust Floor Air-Conditioning Unit24
93	Le Corbusier’s Alternative Method of Air Conditioning: L’aire Ponctuel
94	The PSFS Building, Philadelphia
95	Figure 5.10 PSFS Building in 1997
96	Figure 5.12 Corridor Return Air Duct, Louver to Fan Room on Right Rockefeller Center, New York
98	Figure 5.14 Diagrammatic Section of Air-Conditioning System A in the Music Hall45
99	Figure 5.15 Proposed Ground Plan of Rockefeller Center, 193451
100	Figure 5.16 Wallingford Steel Co. Office Building, 193462 Windowless Buildings and Air Conditioning (1934–1939)
101	The Hershey Office Building
102	Figure 5.17 Hershey Building Electric Weather Man69 Windowless Buildings with Glass Block Walls
103	Figure 5.18 Detroit Edison Company Service Building72 Johnson’s Wax Administration Building
104	Figure 5.20 Air Washer Plant Beneath “nostrils”80
106	Figure 5.21 Buried Heating Pipes83
107	Figure 5.22 Private office in Johnson’s Wax Building Figure 5.23 Johnson’s Wax Great Work Room
108	Chapter 06 The Advent of Fan-Coil Unit Room Coolers and Air Conditioners Figure 6.1 Kramer Room-Cooling Apparatus
109	Figure 6.2 Schutz Cooling Device The “Split” Air Conditioner Fan-Coil Units
110	Figure 6.4 Neiman Marcus Unit Coolers12 Chicago Heat Waves and Unit Air Conditioners The Tribune Tower
111	Figure 6.5 Tribune Building in 201919
112	Figure 6.6 New Room Unit Ready to Be Placed in Position of the Original Steam Radiator32
113	Figure 6.7 Westinghouse Room Unit Chassis35 Steam-Jet Refrigeration
114	Figure 6.9 Steam-Jet Refrigeration Principle The First “Fully Air-Conditioned Hotel”
115	Figure 6.10 Steam Jet Venturis Being Delivered to the Tribune Tower39 Galson’s De La Vergne Heat-Pump Unit Conditioner
116	Figure 6.11 Galson’s De La Vergne Heat-Pump Unit Conditioner
117	Carrier Joins the Trend Home Air Conditioners Induction Unit Systems
118	Figure 6.14 Carrier Low-Velocity Weathermaster Unit65
119	Air-Conditioning The Pentagon Figure 6.15 Office in Pentagon with Weathermaster Unit (circled)71 High-Velocity Induction Units
120	Figure 6.16 Conduit Weathermaster Induction Unit74 Courtesy Carrier Corporation Figure 6.18 Statler Hotel Primary Air-Handling Plant77
122	Chapter 07 Belluschi’s Design Study for an Office Building in 194X
123	The Equitable Building, Portland J. Donald Kroeker—Engineer
124	Figure 7.1 The Equitable Building—Glazed Façade Mechanical Systems
125	Figure 7.3 Typical Floor Mechanical Plant in the Equitable Building Figure 7.4 Mechanical Room, Trane Advertisement, 194821
126	Figure 7.6 Air-Cooled Refrigeration Machines (on Roof) that Replaced the Equitable’s Heat Pump Cooling in 1999
127	Double Duct (Multizone Air Conditioning) Figure 7.7 Prudential Building, Los Angeles, 195028 High-Velocity Induction Unit Air Conditioning
128	United Nations Secretariat Building, New York Figure 7.8 United Nations Secretariat Building, New York36
129	Lever House, New York
130	Figure 7.9 Lever House, New York Radiant Heating and Cooling
131	Figure 7.11 All-aluminum ALCOA Building, Pittsburgh46 Manufacturers Life Building, Toronto
132	Figure 7.12 1935 Advertisement for Air Conditioning with Panel Heating And Cooling49 Shell Centre, London Figure 7.13 Extruded Aluminum Ceiling Panels Including Light Troffer53
133	Prudential Building, Chicago Dual-Duct High-Velocity Air Conditioning
134	Figure 7.14 Inland Steel Building (Far Right) with Service Tower (Center) Inland Steel Building, Chicago
135	Figure 7.16 Supply Fan in Inland Steel Building Basement Air Conditioning Older Buildings New York Life Building, New York
136	Figure 7.18 Inland Steel Building Original Chiller, Operational in 2001 Empire State Building, New York High-Velocity Air Conditioning in Europe Pirelli Tower, Milan
137	Figure 7.19 Advertisement for Marlo Central Station Air-Conditioning Units69 Figure 7.20 Typical Floor Plan Showing Ductwork in Pirelli Tower71
138	Exporting the Curtain Wall Style Figure 7.20 Pirelli Tower, Milan72
140	Chapter 08 Rinascente Department Store, Rome Figure 8.1 Partial Above-Ceiling Plan Showing Rinascente Dual-duct Air Conditioning
141	Air-Conditioned Buildings in the United Kingdom UK Atomic Energy Authority Building, London
142	CIS Building, Manchester Figure 8.2 CIS Building Open Plan Office, 2001
143	Figure 8.3 Weathermaster Induction Unit, Outlet Grille Removed
144	Figure 8.9 Svenska Fläktfabriken Induction Unit with Access Panel Removed Millbank Tower, London Robinson Building, Bristol
145	Figure 8.11 UniTrane Induction Patent Diagram16 Variable Air Volume (VAV)
146	Figure 8.13 Cross-Section Diagram of Moduline Unit 37A19 Courtesy Carrier Corporation
147	Perimeter VAV, Toronto Figure 8.14 Shuper’s Perimeter VAV Terminal22 Induction Unit Air Conditioning
148	Figure 8.15 Richard J. Daley Center The All-Electric Skyscraper The John Hancock Center
149	Figure 8.17 Original York Chiller at Richard J. Daley Center, 2001 VAV Exported
150	Figure 8.19 John Hancock Center, Chicago
151	Figure 8.21 John Hancock Center 1620 kW Electrode Boilers Figure 8.22 IBM Office Building, Greenock, Scotland, VAV System Schematic30
152	Chapter 09 The 1973 Oil Crisis and Energy Conservation
153	Thermal Energy Storage Ice Thermal Energy Storage
154	Figure 9.1 Ice Accumulator Evaporator, Ice Store, 193912 Phase-Change Thermal Energy Storage The Attractions of Off-Peak Electricity Rates
155	Figure 9.2 Exploded View, CALMAC Ice Bank17
156	State of Illinois Center Figure 9.4 State of Illinois Center
157	Lake and Aquifer Thermal Storage Figure 9.5 Lake Thermal Storage, HFC Trust Building, 1988
158	Figure 9.6 HFC Trust Thermal Flywheel Circuit Diagram24 Encapsulated Ice Storage Figure 9.7 Cristopia Ice Balls
159	Figure 9.8 Encapsulated Ice Tanks Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) The Scroll Compressor VRF Systems
160	Figure 9.10 Young’s Diagram Showing Compression in Scroll Compressors Figure 9.11 Three-Pipe VRF System32
161	Figure 9.12 Outdoor VRF Units Building Mass Thermal Storage Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
162	Figure 9.14 Gateway 2, The Atrium Figure 9.15 Gateway 2: Predicted Airflow Patterns, Summer and Winter
163	Figure 9.16 SAS Headquarters— Indoor Street Chilled Beams
164	Chapter 10 Green Buildings Environmental Assessment Methods
165	Figure 10.1 Cover of First BREEAM Environmental Assessment Guide Low-Energy Cooling—Demonstration Projects
166	Figure 10.2 Dow Chemical Europe Headquarters in Horgen, Switzerland, 1991 Mixed Mode
167	Figure 10.5 Photovoltaic Panels, Dow Chemical Europe Headquarters
168	Figure 10.6 Mixed-Mode Concept, Barclaycard headquarters18 Prototype Low-Energy Buildings versus Commercial Realty
169	Figure 10.8 Automatic Roof Vents, Barclaycard Headquarters 2020 Commerzbank Tower
170	Figure 10.10 Chiller Energy Efficiency Improvement, 1970 to 201024
171	Figure 10.12 Woolworth Building, Built 1914
172	References
194	Index

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2021	200


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Standard Title	20th Century Air Conditioning
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2021
Pages Count	200