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ASHRAE DG forMultifamilyResidentialBldgs 2020

$55.79

ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ASHRAE 2020 186
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Best Practices for Designing, Operating, and Owning Multi-Family Buildings Multifamily buildings—commonly referred to as apartment buildings, flats, mixed-use buildings, apartment communities, rowhouses, townhouses, bedsits, condominiums, or lofts—have long been overlooked in the broader industry push for high-performance buildings. In recent years, indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality, has become a greater concern for multifamily buildings. ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings brings together information from codes, standards, and other guidance to outline best practices to achieve high-performance multifamily residential buildings and improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality in the multi-family/residential sector. This guide addresses both dwelling units and common spaces of multifamily buildings, and it focuses on new construction but touches on retrofits and renovations. Topics include the impetus behind designing and building sustainable multifamily buildings, the varying cultural and demographic factors that might influence building design, and the codes that regulate multifamily buildings as well as additional guidance for design teams. The book also includes access to sample design process forms in Microsoft® Excel® format that enable modification by individual users. ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings provides practitioners with foundational guidance for improving the energy performance, indoor environmental quality, sustainability, and overall quality of low-rise and mid-rise multifamily projects. The recommendations in this guide may also be useful to building operators and owners seeking better energy performance and indoor environmental quality in their multifamily projects.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
6 Contents
10 Foreword
12 Preface and Acknowledgments
14 Introduction
16 1 – Environmental Context and Sustainability
Design Approach
17 Sustainable Design
Figure 1-1 The intersecting values of sustainability: economy, society, and environment.
Sustainable Design Benefits
19 Resilient Design
Building Life-Cycle Approach
20 Leveraging Resources
Utility Programs
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Programs
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Initiatives
21 U.S. Green Building Council
22 Passive House
The Opportunity for Owners and Design Teams
24 2 Culture and Demographics
Design Considerations
25 Demographic Considerations
27 Identifying Market Trends
30 3 Building Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
31 Figure 3-1 Code stringency by state.
Figure 3-2 Mid-rise and low-rise multifamily projects subject to different energy code requirements.
32 Table 3-1 Typical Codes and Standards for Multifamily Buildings
Mixed-Use Buildings
33 California Title 24, Part 6
34 Pursuing Best Practices with a Split Code Baseline
35 Above-Code Standards, Guides, and Programs
Table 3-2 Standards, Guides, and Programs
38 4 Building Science
Building as a System
39 Thermal Impacts of the Building Envelope
Thermal Bridges
Figure 4-1 Additional heat flow due to thermal bridging.
40 Fenestration
Occupant Thermal Comfort
Moisture Management
41 Infiltration and Air Movement
44 5 Design Skills
Expansion of Traditional Roles
Architects and Interior Designers
Structural Engineers
45 Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Engineers
Contractors
Finance Professionals
Commissioning Provider
Operation and Maintenance Staff
46 Integrated Architectural, Structural, and Mechanical Design
Supplemental Roles
Energy Consultant
Energy Modeler
Home Energy Rater/Construction Verifier
48 6 Integrated Design
Integrated Design Themes
49 High-Performance Envelope
Cooling Load Reduction
50 Control Systems and Commissioning
Design Process
Goal Setting with the Extended Design Team
Design Team Meetings and Charrettes
51 Table 6-1 High-Performance Multifamily Building Goal Considerations
Value Engineering
52 Table 6-2 Recommended Design Phase Meetings, Attendees, and Agenda Items
53 Construction Phase
Field Verification
Building Handoff and Operations
54 7 Indoor Environmental Quality
Lighting Quality
Increase Access to Views and Daylighting
55 Use Quality Light Sources
Provide Electric Lighting with Dimming or Multilevel Controls
56 Acoustic Comfort
57 Table 7-1 Acoustic Comfort Guidelines (CMHC 2005)
Thermal Comfort
58 Figure 7-1 Example calculation using output from the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for a hot day.
59 Indoor Air Quality
Source Control for IAQ
60 Table 7-2 Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources in Multifamily Buildings
61 Local Exhaust
Exhaust Rates
Exhaust Strategies and Best Practices
62 Table 7-3 Minimum Demand-Controlled Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.1)
Table 7-4 Minimum Continuous Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.2)
Figure 7-2 Central and unitized exhaust.
63 Table 7-5 Exhaust Strategy Considerations and Best Practices (Based on SWA 2011)
Figure 7-3 Self-balancing dampers: installed in-duct and up-close.
64 Makeup Air
65 Table 7-6 Particle Filtration Levels
Particle Filtration
66 Compartmentalization
Figure 7-4 Sealing using traditional methods: (a) soffit on perimeter wall sealed to plank above and (b) well-sealed plumbing penetrations.
67 Figure 7-5 Sealed air leaks using aerosolization.
Occupant Education
70 8 Energy
Multifamily Energy Loads
71 Figure 8-1 Comparison of the load breakdowns of multifamily buildings relative to those of single- family homes and office buildings.
Figure 8-2 Comparison of load breakdowns of different multifamily building types.
72 Performance Metrics
Non-Energy Design Decisions that Can Drive Energy Consumption
Windows
73 Building Height
Unit Density
74 Circulation Configuration
Interactive Effects
76 9 Envelope
Thermal Performance
77 Figure 9-1 Commercial concrete podium with wood-framed structure above (and some steel). Note the slab extended through the thermal envelope to create a balcony, creating a substantial thermal bridge.
78 Best Practices
79 Infiltration
Air Barrier
80 Figure 9-2 First-floor plan of Cornell Tech with the continuous air barrier delineated in red.
82 Controlling the Drivers of Infiltration
84 Thermal Bridging
85 Figure 9-3 Example of thermal bridging in a high-rise building.
Strategies to Reduce Thermal Bridges
88 10 Space Conditioning
Equipment Efficiency
90 Efficient Equipment Technologies
Table 10-1 Savings from Using Above-Code Equipment
91 Equipment Sizing
Load Calculations
93 System Selection
Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Systems
Table 10-2 Energy Savings Impact of System Selection
94 Variable-Capacity Multi-Split Heat Pump (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Systems
95 Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
97 Radiant Systems
98 Distribution System Design
Controls
99 Figure 10-1 Smart thermostats.
100 11 Ventilation
Providing Ventilation
Ventilation Rates
101 Ventilation Strategies
102 Central versus Unitized (Unit-Level) Ventilation
Table 11-1 Overview of Whole-Building and Dwelling-Unit Ventilation Strategies
105 Figure 11-1 Example ventilation strategy using independent supply fan.
Supply Air Tempering
Ventilation Efficiency
106 Figure 11-2 Example ventilation and exhaust strategy for high-rise multifamily building.
Reduce Fan Power
108 Figure 11-3 Different styles and efficiencies of heat exchangers in an HRV.
110 Figure 11-4 Rooftop ERV installed in a multifamily building
112 12 Water Heating
Efficient Equipment
113 Table 12-1 Comparison of Minimum Federal Requirements, ENERGY STAR, and Best-in-Class Water Heaters
Figure 12-1 Instantaneous water heaters arranged in parallel.
Instantaneous Water Heaters
114 Heat Pump Water Heaters
115 Central versus Individual Water-Heating Systems
116 Hot-Water Recirculation Loops and Efficient Equipment
Figure 12-2 Central water heating tanks including solar-thermal buffer tanks and a HPWH at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility.
117 Hot-Water Distribution
118 Increase Pipe Insulation
Reduce Standing Water Volume
120 Reduce Size of Recirculation Loop
Include Recirculation Loop Controls
121 Water Conservation
122 Water Metering
Laundry
124 13 Lighting Systems
Light Efficacy
125 Table 13-1 Typical Characteristics of Various Lighting Technologies (EPA n.d.-g)
Controls
126 Best Practices
127 Dwelling Units
128 Common Areas
Exterior Site
130 14 Plug Loads
Best Practices
Use High-Efficiency Appliances and Devices
132 Include High-Efficiency Laundry Equipment
Provide Sufficient Systems
Provide Plug-Load Controls
133 Include Tenant Utility Submetering
Provide Energy Use Feedback to Tenants
134 15 Building Handoff and Operations
Design Phase
Incorporating Operators and Occupants
Design for Maintenance
135 Communication and Documentation
137 Figure 15-1 An energy conservation outreach flyer used for housing at the Anderson Air Force Base.
138 Commissioning
Performance Monitoring and Feedback
139 Monitoring and Feedback Equipment
142 16 Getting to Zero Energy in Multifamily Buildings
Targets
143 Figure 16-1 Growth in zero energy buildings.
Figure 16-2 Distribution of building types in the NBI Getting to Zero Buildings Database.
Renewable Energy Production
145 Figure 16-3 Rooftop photovoltaic and solar thermal panels in Berkeley, California.
Putting it All Together
High-Efficiency Envelope
146 High-Performance Space-Conditioning Equipment
High-Performance Water Heating
High-Efficiency Lighting
High-Efficiency Appliances
Tenant Engagement
Energy Metering and Feedback
148 App A Sample Design Process Forms
149 Context
150 Culture and Demographics
152 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
154 Design
161 Indoor Environmental Quality
162 Energy and Systems
166 Building Handoff and Operations
168 App B High-Performance Equipment Requirements
Table B-1 Warm-Air Furnaces
169 Table B-2 Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units, Electrically Operated
170 Table B-3 Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated
171 Table B-4 Boilers
172 Table B-5 Chillers
173 Table B-6 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioner
174 Table B-7 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Multisplit Heat Pump
176 References and Resources
References
184 Resources
ASHRAE DG forMultifamilyResidentialBldgs 2020
$55.79