BS 8006-1:2010+A1:2016
$215.11
Code of practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2016 | 260 |
This British Standard contains recommendations and guidance for the application of reinforcement techniques to soils, as fill or in situ, and to other fills. The standard is written in a limit state format and guidelines are provided in terms of partial material factors and load factors for various applications and design lives.
This code is to be read in conjunction with BS EN 1997‑1:2004, NA to BS EN 1997‑1:2004 and BS EN 14475:2006.
BS EN 1997‑1:2004 does not cover the design and execution of reinforced soil structures. The values of partial factors and load factors given in BS EN 1997‑1:2004 have not been calibrated for reinforced soil structures. BS EN 1997‑1:2004 is not for use in the design and execution of reinforced soil. The partial factors set out in BS 8006‑1 cannot be replaced by similar factors in BS EN 1997‑1:2004.
The code is divided into eight sections. Section 1 identifies the scope, definitions and notation of the code. Section 2 describes the concepts and fundamental principles of reinforced soil. Section 3 provides recommendations for the use of materials where existing standards are available. Where materials are used that are not covered by existing standards or where known materials are to be used in ways not covered by existing standards Section 4 gives recommendations for the testing and approval of such materials.
Sections 5 to 8 relate to design, construction and maintenance of walls and abutments, slopes and foundations. They include specific recommendations for characterization of the soils to be used and other factors affecting the design and performance of the structures. Emphasis is placed on quality control both with regard to the consistency of the properties of the fill and reinforcing materials and to the handling of the materials on site.
In line with current practice the design methods described are based on limit state principles. The partial factors included are based on previous experience and have been calibrated to maintain consistency with current practice.
The clauses are supplemented by a substantial list of references to enable the user to consider in greater depth the applications of the technique.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 7 | Foreword |
| 9 | Section 1: General |
| 19 | Section 2: Concepts and fundamental principles |
| 20 | Figure 1 Range of applications of reinforced soil |
| 24 | Figure 2 Effect of reinforcement on a soil element |
| 26 | Figure 3 Reinforcing mechanisms in walls and slopes |
| 29 | Table 1 Factors affecting performance |
| 31 | Figure 4 Forms of reinforcement |
| 36 | Section 3: Materials Table 2 �Summary references to the relevant component of the main materials within reinforced soil walls, abutments and slopes |
| 40 | Table 3 Minimum properties of some different types of steel reinforcement Table 4 Sacrificial thickness to be allowed on each surface exposed to corrosion |
| 43 | Figure 5 Types of seams |
| 44 | Figure 6 Stitch configuration Figure 7 Bodkin joint |
| 47 | Table 5 Properties of bolts and screws up to 40 mm stock size Table 6 Properties of dowels and rods up to 40 mm stock size |
| 48 | Figure 8 Selection of materials for reinforcement, connections and facings for reinforced soil structures |
| 49 | Section 4: Testing for design purposes Table 7 Examples of service life |
| 51 | Figure 9 Stress/strain relationship for sand under plane strain loading |
| 55 | Table 8 Checklist for investigations of reinforcement products |
| 59 | Section 5: Principles of design |
| 60 | Table 9 Category of structure depending upon ramification of failure |
| 61 | Figure 10 Examples of structures in category 1 – Applicable to walls and slopes |
| 62 | Figure 11 Examples of structures in category 2 – Applicable to walls and slopes |
| 63 | Figure 12 Examples of foundations in category 2 |
| 64 | Figure 13 Examples of structures in category 3 – Applicable to walls and slopes |
| 65 | Figure 14 Examples of foundations in category 3 |
| 66 | Table 10 Partial materials factors for metallic reinforcements |
| 75 | Section 6: Walls and abutments |
| 76 | Figure 15 Definitions and types of walls and abutments |
| 77 | Figure 16 Common facings used with structures |
| 78 | Table 11 Summary of partial factors to be used in Section 6 |
| 79 | Table 12 Partial load factors for load combinations associated with walls |
| 80 | Table 13 Partial load factors for load combinations associated with abutments |
| 81 | Figure 17 Load combinations showing partial load factors (see Table 12) |
| 84 | Figure 18 Design procedure for reinforced soil walls |
| 85 | Table 14 Dimensions of walls and abutments |
| 86 | Figure 19 Initial sizing of structures |
| 87 | Figure 20 Sizing of walls with various geometries |
| 88 | Table 15 �Determination of the minimum embedment as a function of the mechanical height H in metres and the factored bearing pressure qr in kN/m2 |
| 89 | Figure 21 Definition of embedment, Dm |
| 90 | Figure 22 Ultimate limit states – External stability Figure 23 Seviceability limit states – External and internal stability |
| 91 | Figure 24 Definition of soil properties and loads |
| 92 | Figure 25 Pressure distribution along base of wall |
| 95 | Table 16 Typical vertical movement capacities required for facing systems to cope with vertical internal settlement of reinforced fill |
| 96 | Table 17 Guide to the effects of settlement |
| 97 | Table 18 Construction tolerances commonly achieved for faces of retaining walls and abutments Table 19 Serviceability limits on post-construction internal strains for bridge abutments and retaining walls |
| 98 | Figure 26 Types of slip surface failure |
| 100 | Figure 27 Stability – Effects to be considered |
| 103 | Figure 28 Stresses imposed due to self-weight, surcharge and retained backfill |
| 104 | Figure 29 Dispersal of vertical strip load through reinforced fill – Tie back wedge method Figure 30 Dispersal of horizontal shear through reinforced fill – Tie back wedge method |
| 106 | Figure 31 Determination of adherence capacity of the reinforcement – Tie back wedge method |
| 107 | Figure 32 Examples of some types of reinforced soil anchors |
| 109 | Figure 33 Internal wedge stability |
| 110 | Figure 34 Internal wedge stability analysis of simple problem |
| 112 | Figure 35 Variation of coefficient of earth pressure with depth – Coherent gravity method |
| 114 | Figure 36 Dispersal of vertical strip load through reinforced fill – Coherent gravity method |
| 115 | Figure 37 Dispersal of horizontal shear through reinforced fill – Coherent gravity method |
| 116 | Figure 38 Line of maximum tension for retaining wall – Coherent gravity method Figure 39 Definition of maximum tension line 2 (retaining wall without superimposed strip loads) – Coherent gravity method |
| 117 | Figure 40 Lines of maximum tension for structures with strip loads – Coherent gravity method Figure 41 Definition of line 1 – Coherent gravity method |
| 120 | Figure 42 Examples of structures requiring global stability analysis – Coherent gravity method |
| 121 | Figure 43 Assessment of serviceability limit state base strength |
| 122 | Figure 44 Check that facing does not bulge Figure 45 Check of unreinforced facing height |
| 124 | Table 20 Connection loads for the ultimate and serviceability limit states |
| 131 | Figure 46 Bridge abutments – Typical layout plans for strengthening elements |
| 138 | Figure 47 Reinforced soil retaining walls |
| 139 | Figure 48 Typical drainage detail for abutment bankseat |
| 140 | Figure 49 Reinforced soil mass acting as drain |
| 141 | Figure 50 Porous pipe at wall face |
| 142 | Figure 51 Drainage details for walls supporting cuttings |
| 144 | Section 7: Reinforced slopes |
| 145 | Figure 52 Examples of slope reinforcement Table 21 Summary of partial factors to be used in Section 7 |
| 147 | Figure 53 Design basis for reinforced slopes |
| 148 | Figure 54 Ultimate limit states – External stability |
| 149 | Figure 55 Ultimate limit states – Internal stability Figure 56 Ultimate limit states – Compound stability Figure 57 Serviceability limit states |
| 150 | Figure 58 Definition of soil properties and principal loads for reinforced steep fill slopes |
| 152 | Figure 59 Two-part wedge analysis for internal stability of reinforced fill slopes |
| 154 | Figure 60 Methods of internal stability analysis of reinforced fill slopes |
| 156 | Figure 61 Force components in two-part wedge analysis of compound stability |
| 157 | Figure 62 Force applied to the reinforcement tail of a wrap-around face |
| 160 | Figure 63 Wrap-around facing |
| 161 | Figure 64 Wrap-around construction techniques |
| 162 | Figure 65 Reinforced gabions |
| 164 | Figure 66 Reinstatement of failed slopes |
| 169 | Section 8: Design of embankments with reinforced soil foundations on poor ground |
| 170 | Table 22 Summary of partial factors to be used in Section 8 |
| 171 | Figure 67 Reinforcement used to control only stability of embankment |
| 172 | Figure 68 Reinforcement used to control both stability and settlement of embankment |
| 174 | Figure 69 Ultimate limit states for basal reinforced embankments |
| 175 | Figure 70 Serviceability limit states for basal reinforced embankments |
| 178 | Figure 71 Procedure for assessing rotational stability by slip circle analysis |
| 180 | Figure 72 Lateral sliding stability at fill/reinforcement interface |
| 183 | Figure 73 Analysis of foundation extrusion stability |
| 186 | Figure 74 Ultimate limit state stability analysis for basal mattress reinforcement |
| 189 | Figure 75 Piled embankment configuration |
| 191 | Figure 76 Ultimate limit states for basal reinforced piled embankments |
| 193 | Figure 77 Outer limit of pile caps |
| 194 | Table 23 Arching coefficient Cc for basal reinforced piled embankments |
| 195 | Figure 78 Arching theory according to Hewlett and Randolph |
| 198 | Figure 79 Variables used in determination of Trp |
| 200 | Figure 80 Lateral sliding at fill/reinforcement interface |
| 202 | Figure 81 Typical anchorage options |
| 203 | Figure 82 Variables used in analysis of overall stability of basal reinforced piled embankments |
| 205 | Figure 83 Serviceability limit states for basal reinforced piled embankments |
| 207 | Figure 84 Conceptual role of reinforcement in limiting surface deformations due to subsidence |
| 208 | Figure 85 Parameters used to determine reinforcement |
| 214 | Figure 86 Laying and jointing sequence for basal reinforcement |
| 216 | Figure 87 Advancing mud wave Figure 88 Inverted “U” construction |
| 217 | Figure 89 Construction of a “U” shaped leading edge |
| 218 | Figure 90 Fill sequence for basal foundation mattress |
| 219 | Annex A (normative) Assessment of partial material factors for reinforcements |
| 221 | Figure A.1 Assessment of fm11 |
| 223 | Figure A.2 Assessment of fm12 |
| 224 | Figure A.3 Assessment of fm21 |
| 226 | Annex B (normative) Projects for Highways England, Transport Scotland, Welsh Government and The Department for Regional Development TransportNI Annex C (informative) Propping forces |
| 227 | Annex D (normative) Site damage test |
| 228 | Figure D.1 Schematic layout of test bays |
| 230 | Annex E (normative) Design of base slabs supporting vehicle parapets for highways |
| 240 | Figure E.1 Design sequence for parapet-supporting base slabs on strengthened/reinforced soil structures |
| 241 | Figure E.2 Dispersal of load effects through a base slab Figure E.3 Distribution of pressure beneath a base slab |
| 242 | Figure E.4 �Design sequence for a strengthened/reinforced soil structure that supports the base slab to a high level of containment parapet |
| 244 | Figure E.5 �Illustrative detail of a parapet-supporting base slab at the top of a strengthened/reinforced soil wall with in situ concrete coping Figure E.6 �Illustrative detail of a parapet-supporting base slab at the top of a strengthened/reinforced soil wall with pre-cast concrete coping |
| 245 | Annex F (informative) Design of reinforced soil structures for earthquake resistance |
| 247 | Bibliography |
