{"id":160957,"date":"2024-10-19T09:40:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T09:40:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/aci-440-4r-04-2004\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T01:58:44","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T01:58:44","slug":"aci-440-4r-04-2004","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/aci\/aci-440-4r-04-2004\/","title":{"rendered":"ACI 440.4R 04 2004"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have been proposed for use instead of steel prestressing tendons in concrete structures. The promise of FRP materials lies in their high-strength, lightweight, non corroding, nonconducting, and nonmagnetic properties. This document offers general information on the history and use of FRP for prestressing applications and a description of the material properties of FRP. The document focuses on the current state of design, development, and research needed to characterize and ensure the performance of FRP as prestressing reinforcement in concrete structures. The proposed guidelines are based on the knowledge gained from worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and field applications of FRPs used as prestressed reinforcement. The current development includes a basic understanding of flexure and axial prestressed members, FRP shear reinforcement, bond of FRP tendons, and unbonded or external FRP tendons for prestressing applications. The document concludes with a description of research needs. Keywords: anchorage; bond length; crack; deflection; deformation; development length; ductility; fatigue; jacking stresses; post-tensioning; prestressed concrete; pretensioning; reinforcement ratio; shear; tendon.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nCONTENTS
CONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nCHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1\u2014 INTRODUCTION <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\n1.1\u2014Organization and limitations of document
1.1\u2014Organization and limitations of document
1.2\u2014Historical development and use of FRP reinforcement
1.2\u2014Historical development and use of FRP reinforcement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\n1.3\u2014Design guidelines and technical committees
1.3\u2014Design guidelines and technical committees
1.4\u2014Research efforts
1.4\u2014Research efforts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\n1.5\u2014Demonstrations and field applications
1.5\u2014Demonstrations and field applications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\n1.6\u2014Definitions
1.6\u2014Definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\n1.7\u2014Notation
1.7\u2014Notation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nCHAPTER 2\u2014 FRP TENDONS AND ANCHORAGES
CHAPTER 2\u2014 FRP TENDONS AND ANCHORAGES
2.1\u2014 FRP tendon characterization
2.1\u2014 FRP tendon characterization
2.2\u2014Commercial tendons
2.2\u2014Commercial tendons
2.3\u2014Description of tendons
2.3\u2014Description of tendons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\n2.4\u2014Anchorage characterization
2.4\u2014Anchorage characterization
2.4.1 Clamp anchorage
2.4.1 Clamp anchorage
2.4.2 Plug and cone anchorage
2.4.2 Plug and cone anchorage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\n2.4.3 Straight sleeve anchorage
2.4.3 Straight sleeve anchorage
2.4.4 Contoured sleeve anchorage
2.4.4 Contoured sleeve anchorage
2.4.5 Metal overlaying
2.4.5 Metal overlaying <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\n2.4.6 Split-wedge anchorage
2.4.6 Split-wedge anchorage
2.4.7 Failure modes of anchorages
2.4.7 Failure modes of anchorages
CHAPTER 3\u2014 FLEXURAL DESIGN
CHAPTER 3\u2014 FLEXURAL DESIGN
3.1\u2014 General considerations
3.1\u2014 General considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n3.2\u2014Strength design methodology
3.2\u2014Strength design methodology
3.3\u2014Balanced ratio
3.3\u2014Balanced ratio <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\n3.4\u2014Flexural design and capacity prediction
3.4\u2014Flexural design and capacity prediction
3.4.1 Bonded construction
3.4.1 Bonded construction
3.4.1.1 Tension-controlled section: \u03c1 \u2264 \u03c1b
3.4.1.1 Tension-controlled section: \u03c1 \u2264 \u03c1b
3.4.1.2 Compression-controlled section: \u03c1 \u2265 \u03c1b
3.4.1.2 Compression-controlled section: \u03c1 \u2265 \u03c1b <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\n3.4.2 Development of flexural capacity for vertically distributed tendons in an under-reinforced section
3.4.2 Development of flexural capacity for vertically distributed tendons in an under-reinforced section
3.4.3 Design implications of vertically distributed tendons
3.4.3 Design implications of vertically distributed tendons
3.4.4 Unbonded construction
3.4.4 Unbonded construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\n3.5\u2014Strength reduction factors for flexure
3.5\u2014Strength reduction factors for flexure
3.6\u2014Flexural service stresses
3.6\u2014Flexural service stresses
3.7\u2014Jacking stresses
3.7\u2014Jacking stresses
3.8\u2014Creep rupture of FRP tendons
3.8\u2014Creep rupture of FRP tendons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n3.9\u2014Correction of stress for harped tendons
3.9\u2014Correction of stress for harped tendons
3.10\u2014Relaxation and friction losses
3.10\u2014Relaxation and friction losses <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\n3.11\u2014Overall design approach
3.11\u2014Overall design approach
3.12\u2014Ductility or deformability
3.12\u2014Ductility or deformability <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n3.13\u2014Minimum reinforcement
3.13\u2014Minimum reinforcement
CHAPTER 4\u2014 SERVICABILITY
CHAPTER 4\u2014 SERVICABILITY
4.1\u2014General
4.1\u2014General
4.2\u2014Deflection
4.2\u2014Deflection
4.2.1 Short-term deflection
4.2.1 Short-term deflection
4.2.2 Long-term deflection
4.2.2 Long-term deflection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23<\/td>\n4.3\u2014Crack width and spacing
4.3\u2014Crack width and spacing
4.4\u2014Fatigue
4.4\u2014Fatigue
CHAPTER 5\u2014 SHEAR
CHAPTER 5\u2014 SHEAR
5.1\u2014General considerations in design of FRP stirrups
5.1\u2014General considerations in design of FRP stirrups <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n5.2\u2014Shear strength with FRP stirrups
5.2\u2014Shear strength with FRP stirrups
5.3\u2014Spacing limits for shear reinforcement
5.3\u2014Spacing limits for shear reinforcement
5.4\u2014Minimum amount of shear reinforcement
5.4\u2014Minimum amount of shear reinforcement
5.5\u2014Detailing of shear stirrups
5.5\u2014Detailing of shear stirrups <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nCHAPTER 6\u2014 BOND AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 6\u2014 BOND AND DEVELOPMENT
6.1\u2014 Introduction
6.1\u2014 Introduction
6.2\u2014Transfer length
6.2\u2014Transfer length
6.2.1 Aramid FRP
6.2.1 Aramid FRP
6.2.2 Carbon FRP
6.2.2 Carbon FRP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
26<\/td>\n6.3\u2014Flexural bond length
6.3\u2014Flexural bond length
6.3.1 Aramid FRP
6.3.1 Aramid FRP
6.3.2 Carbon FRP
6.3.2 Carbon FRP
6.4\u2014Design considerations
6.4\u2014Design considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nCHAPTER 7\u2014 UNBONDED AND EXTERNAL TENDON SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7\u2014 UNBONDED AND EXTERNAL TENDON SYSTEMS
7.1\u2014Unbonded prestressed members
7.1\u2014Unbonded prestressed members
7.2\u2014External prestressing
7.2\u2014External prestressing
7.2.1 General
7.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n7.2.2 Internal versus external unbonded tendons
7.2.2 Internal versus external unbonded tendons
7.2.3 Design considerations
7.2.3 Design considerations
7.2.4 Stress at ultimate in external unbonded prestressed tendons
7.2.4 Stress at ultimate in external unbonded prestressed tendons <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
29<\/td>\nCHAPTER 8\u2014 PILE DRIVING AND IN- PLACE FLEXURE
CHAPTER 8\u2014 PILE DRIVING AND IN- PLACE FLEXURE
8.1\u2014 General
8.1\u2014 General
8.2\u2014Demonstration studies
8.2\u2014Demonstration studies
8.2.1 Study by Iyer (1995) and Iyer et al. (1996)
8.2.1 Study by Iyer (1995) and Iyer et al. (1996) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n8.2.2 Study by Arockiasamy and Amer (1998)
8.2.2 Study by Arockiasamy and Amer (1998)
8.2.3 Study by Schiebel and Nanni (2000)
8.2.3 Study by Schiebel and Nanni (2000) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n8.3\u2014Discussion
8.3\u2014Discussion
8.4\u2014Conclusions
8.4\u2014Conclusions
CHAPTER 9\u2014 RESEARCH NEEDS
CHAPTER 9\u2014 RESEARCH NEEDS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nCHAPTER 10\u2014 REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10\u2014 REFERENCES
10.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports
10.1\u2014 Referenced standards and reports
10.2\u2014Cited references
10.2\u2014Cited references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
36<\/td>\nAPPENDIX A\u2014 DESIGN EXAMPLE
APPENDIX A\u2014 DESIGN EXAMPLE
Example 1\u2014 Pretensioned single T- beam
Example 1\u2014 Pretensioned single T- beam <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

440.4R-04: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP Tendons (Reapproved 2011)<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ACI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2004<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":160961,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2650],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-160957","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-aci","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/160957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/160961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=160957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=160957"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=160957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}