{"id":205087,"date":"2024-10-19T13:09:43","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T13:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/ashrae-dg-formultifamilyresidentialbldgs-2020\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T05:49:39","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T05:49:39","slug":"ashrae-dg-formultifamilyresidentialbldgs-2020","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/ashrae\/ashrae-dg-formultifamilyresidentialbldgs-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"ASHRAE DG forMultifamilyResidentialBldgs 2020"},"content":{"rendered":"

Best Practices for Designing, Operating, and Owning Multi-Family Buildings Multifamily buildings\u2014commonly referred to as apartment buildings, flats, mixed-use buildings, apartment communities, rowhouses, townhouses, bedsits, condominiums, or lofts\u2014have long been overlooked in the broader industry push for high-performance buildings. In recent years, indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality, has become a greater concern for multifamily buildings. ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings brings together information from codes, standards, and other guidance to outline best practices to achieve high-performance multifamily residential buildings and improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality in the multi-family\/residential sector. This guide addresses both dwelling units and common spaces of multifamily buildings, and it focuses on new construction but touches on retrofits and renovations. Topics include the impetus behind designing and building sustainable multifamily buildings, the varying cultural and demographic factors that might influence building design, and the codes that regulate multifamily buildings as well as additional guidance for design teams. The book also includes access to sample design process forms in Microsoft\u00ae Excel\u00ae format that enable modification by individual users. ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings provides practitioners with foundational guidance for improving the energy performance, indoor environmental quality, sustainability, and overall quality of low-rise and mid-rise multifamily projects. The recommendations in this guide may also be useful to building operators and owners seeking better energy performance and indoor environmental quality in their multifamily projects.<\/p>\n

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PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nContents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nForeword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nPreface and Acknowledgments <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nIntroduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\n1 – Environmental Context and Sustainability
Design Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17<\/td>\nSustainable Design
Figure 1-1 The intersecting values of sustainability: economy, society, and environment.
Sustainable Design Benefits <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
19<\/td>\nResilient Design
Building Life-Cycle Approach <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\nLeveraging Resources
Utility Programs
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Programs
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Initiatives <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21<\/td>\nU.S. Green Building Council <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\nPassive House
The Opportunity for Owners and Design Teams <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
24<\/td>\n2 Culture and Demographics
Design Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
25<\/td>\nDemographic Considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
27<\/td>\nIdentifying Market Trends <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
30<\/td>\n3 Building Codes, Standards, and Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\nFigure 3-1 Code stringency by state.
Figure 3-2 Mid-rise and low-rise multifamily projects subject to different energy code requirements. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\nTable 3-1 Typical Codes and Standards for Multifamily Buildings
Mixed-Use Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\nCalifornia Title 24, Part 6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34<\/td>\nPursuing Best Practices with a Split Code Baseline <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\nAbove-Code Standards, Guides, and Programs
Table 3-2 Standards, Guides, and Programs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n4 Building Science
Building as a System <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\nThermal Impacts of the Building Envelope
Thermal Bridges
Figure 4-1 Additional heat flow due to thermal bridging. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\nFenestration
Occupant Thermal Comfort
Moisture Management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\nInfiltration and Air Movement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n5 Design Skills
Expansion of Traditional Roles
Architects and Interior Designers
Structural Engineers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\nMechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Engineers
Contractors
Finance Professionals
Commissioning Provider
Operation and Maintenance Staff <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
46<\/td>\nIntegrated Architectural, Structural, and Mechanical Design
Supplemental Roles
Energy Consultant
Energy Modeler
Home Energy Rater\/Construction Verifier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n6 Integrated Design
Integrated Design Themes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\nHigh-Performance Envelope
Cooling Load Reduction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\nControl Systems and Commissioning
Design Process
Goal Setting with the Extended Design Team
Design Team Meetings and Charrettes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\nTable 6-1 High-Performance Multifamily Building Goal Considerations
Value Engineering <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\nTable 6-2 Recommended Design Phase Meetings, Attendees, and Agenda Items <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\nConstruction Phase
Field Verification
Building Handoff and Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
54<\/td>\n7 Indoor Environmental Quality
Lighting Quality
Increase Access to Views and Daylighting <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
55<\/td>\nUse Quality Light Sources
Provide Electric Lighting with Dimming or Multilevel Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nAcoustic Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\nTable 7-1 Acoustic Comfort Guidelines (CMHC 2005)
Thermal Comfort <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\nFigure 7-1 Example calculation using output from the CBE Thermal Comfort Tool for a hot day. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\nIndoor Air Quality
Source Control for IAQ <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\nTable 7-2 Indoor Air Pollutants and Sources in Multifamily Buildings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nLocal Exhaust
Exhaust Rates
Exhaust Strategies and Best Practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
62<\/td>\nTable 7-3 Minimum Demand-Controlled Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.1)
Table 7-4 Minimum Continuous Local Exhaust Airflow Rates (ASHRAE 2019b, Table 5.2)
Figure 7-2 Central and unitized exhaust. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
63<\/td>\nTable 7-5 Exhaust Strategy Considerations and Best Practices (Based on SWA 2011)
Figure 7-3 Self-balancing dampers: installed in-duct and up-close. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\nMakeup Air <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nTable 7-6 Particle Filtration Levels
Particle Filtration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\nCompartmentalization
Figure 7-4 Sealing using traditional methods: (a) soffit on perimeter wall sealed to plank above and (b) well-sealed plumbing penetrations. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\nFigure 7-5 Sealed air leaks using aerosolization.
Occupant Education <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n8 Energy
Multifamily Energy Loads <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\nFigure 8-1 Comparison of the load breakdowns of multifamily buildings relative to those of single- family homes and office buildings.
Figure 8-2 Comparison of load breakdowns of different multifamily building types. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
72<\/td>\nPerformance Metrics
Non-Energy Design Decisions that Can Drive Energy Consumption
Windows <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\nBuilding Height
Unit Density <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\nCirculation Configuration
Interactive Effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n9 Envelope
Thermal Performance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\nFigure 9-1 Commercial concrete podium with wood-framed structure above (and some steel). Note the slab extended through the thermal envelope to create a balcony, creating a substantial thermal bridge. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\nBest Practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nInfiltration
Air Barrier <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nFigure 9-2 First-floor plan of Cornell Tech with the continuous air barrier delineated in red. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nControlling the Drivers of Infiltration <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nThermal Bridging <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nFigure 9-3 Example of thermal bridging in a high-rise building.
Strategies to Reduce Thermal Bridges <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\n10 Space Conditioning
Equipment Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nEfficient Equipment Technologies
Table 10-1 Savings from Using Above-Code Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nEquipment Sizing
Load Calculations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nSystem Selection
Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Systems
Table 10-2 Energy Savings Impact of System Selection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nVariable-Capacity Multi-Split Heat Pump (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nGround-Source Heat Pump Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nRadiant Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nDistribution System Design
Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nFigure 10-1 Smart thermostats. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\n11 Ventilation
Providing Ventilation
Ventilation Rates <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nVentilation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nCentral versus Unitized (Unit-Level) Ventilation
Table 11-1 Overview of Whole-Building and Dwelling-Unit Ventilation Strategies <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nFigure 11-1 Example ventilation strategy using independent supply fan.
Supply Air Tempering
Ventilation Efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nFigure 11-2 Example ventilation and exhaust strategy for high-rise multifamily building.
Reduce Fan Power <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nFigure 11-3 Different styles and efficiencies of heat exchangers in an HRV. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nFigure 11-4 Rooftop ERV installed in a multifamily building <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\n12 Water Heating
Efficient Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nTable 12-1 Comparison of Minimum Federal Requirements, ENERGY STAR, and Best-in-Class Water Heaters
Figure 12-1 Instantaneous water heaters arranged in parallel.
Instantaneous Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nHeat Pump Water Heaters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nCentral versus Individual Water-Heating Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nHot-Water Recirculation Loops and Efficient Equipment
Figure 12-2 Central water heating tanks including solar-thermal buffer tanks and a HPWH at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nHot-Water Distribution <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nIncrease Pipe Insulation
Reduce Standing Water Volume <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nReduce Size of Recirculation Loop
Include Recirculation Loop Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
121<\/td>\nWater Conservation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nWater Metering
Laundry <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\n13 Lighting Systems
Light Efficacy <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nTable 13-1 Typical Characteristics of Various Lighting Technologies (EPA n.d.-g)
Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nBest Practices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
127<\/td>\nDwelling Units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nCommon Areas
Exterior Site <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\n14 Plug Loads
Best Practices
Use High-Efficiency Appliances and Devices <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nInclude High-Efficiency Laundry Equipment
Provide Sufficient Systems
Provide Plug-Load Controls <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
133<\/td>\nInclude Tenant Utility Submetering
Provide Energy Use Feedback to Tenants <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\n15 Building Handoff and Operations
Design Phase
Incorporating Operators and Occupants
Design for Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
135<\/td>\nCommunication and Documentation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nFigure 15-1 An energy conservation outreach flyer used for housing at the Anderson Air Force Base. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nCommissioning
Performance Monitoring and Feedback <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nMonitoring and Feedback Equipment <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\n16 Getting to Zero Energy in Multifamily Buildings
Targets <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nFigure 16-1 Growth in zero energy buildings.
Figure 16-2 Distribution of building types in the NBI Getting to Zero Buildings Database.
Renewable Energy Production <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nFigure 16-3 Rooftop photovoltaic and solar thermal panels in Berkeley, California.
Putting it All Together
High-Efficiency Envelope <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nHigh-Performance Space-Conditioning Equipment
High-Performance Water Heating
High-Efficiency Lighting
High-Efficiency Appliances
Tenant Engagement
Energy Metering and Feedback <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nApp A Sample Design Process Forms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nContext <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nCulture and Demographics <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nCodes, Standards, and Guidelines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nDesign <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nIndoor Environmental Quality <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nEnergy and Systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nBuilding Handoff and Operations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nApp B High-Performance Equipment Requirements
Table B-1 Warm-Air Furnaces <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nTable B-2 Unitary Air Conditioners and Condensing Units, Electrically Operated <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nTable B-3 Unitary and Applied Heat Pumps, Electrically Operated <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nTable B-4 Boilers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nTable B-5 Chillers <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nTable B-6 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioner <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nTable B-7 Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Multisplit Heat Pump <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nReferences and Resources
References <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nResources <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ASHRAE Design Guide for Low- to Mid-Rise Multifamily Residential Buildings<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ASHRAE<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2020<\/td>\n186<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":205089,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2719],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-205087","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-ashrae","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/205087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/205089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=205087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=205087"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=205087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}