{"id":293807,"date":"2024-10-19T19:58:04","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T19:58:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bsi-pd-iso-tr-127482015\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T17:10:02","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T17:10:02","slug":"bsi-pd-iso-tr-127482015","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bsi-pd-iso-tr-127482015\/","title":{"rendered":"BSI PD ISO\/TR 12748:2015"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This Technical Report describes production flow measurement of wet natural gas streams with WGFMs in surface and subsea facilities. Wet natural gas streams are gas-dominated flows with liquids like water and\/or hydrocarbon liquids<sup>3)<\/sup> (see 2.67 for a detailed definition). This Technical Report defines terms\/symbols, explains the various concepts, and describes best practices of wet gas flow meter design and operation. It addresses metering techniques, testing, installation, commissioning, and operation practices such as maintenance, calibration, and verification. It also provides a theoretical background of this comprehensive, challenging and still evolving measurement technology.<\/p>\n<p>There are four general methods in measuring wet natural gas flow. Each approach is detailed below.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Single-phase gas flow meter with correction factor: Uses a single-phase gas flow meter (often a conventional gas flow metering device) with a correction factor for the effect of liquid on the metering system. In these cases, the liquid flow rate required to determine the correction factor, should be estimated from an external source.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Two-phase WGFM: The gas and liquid (both water and hydrocarbon liquid combined) flow rates are predicted with no additional external information regarding the liquid flow rate required. This is generally known as a two-phase WGFM and will be referred to in this Technical Report simply as WGFM.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>WGFM: A flow meter that measures the gas and liquid flow rates, and also the gas, water and hydrocarbon liquid ratios (or \u201cphase fractions\u201d) with no external information required regarding the liquid flow rate.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Phase separation\/Measurement after phase separation: This traditional and conventional method of wet gas flow metering uses a two-or three-phase separator with single-phase flow meters measuring the outgoing single-phase flows.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The first three of these methods, which emerged in the last two decades, may be described as in-line wet gas flow metering, i.e. wet gas flow measurement is executed with WGFMs without separating the gas and liquid phases. This Technical Report discusses in detail these first three methods. Several best practice documents have already been issued to describe, among other topics, wet gas flow measurement[9][10][11][12].<\/p>\n<p>The last method is more conventional and describes wet gas flow measurement after the gas and liquid phases have been separated. Wet gas meters can be used in multiphase flow metering systems that utilize partial separation technologies. This method is only briefly discussed in this Technical Report.<\/p>\n<h4>PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n<table border=\"1px\" class=\"des-table\">\n<tr>\n<th>PDF Pages<\/th>\n<th>PDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>8<b><\/td>\n<td>Foreword  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>9<b><\/td>\n<td>Introduction  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>10<b><\/td>\n<td>1\tScope <br \/> 2\tTerms and Definitions  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>19<b><\/td>\n<td>3\tSymbols  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>22<b><\/td>\n<td>4\tObjectives of wet gas flow measurement  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>23<b><\/td>\n<td>4.1\tCommon production scenarios  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>24<b><\/td>\n<td>4.2\tProduction allocation  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>25<b><\/td>\n<td>4.3\tFlow assurance aspects <br \/> 4.4\tWGFM considerations <br \/> 4.5\tReliability in remote WGFM installations  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>26<b><\/td>\n<td>5\tFlow regimes <br \/> 5.1\tHorizontal wet gas flow regimes  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>27<b><\/td>\n<td>5.1.1\tStratified flow <br \/> 5.1.2\tSlug flow <br \/> 5.1.3\tAnnular mist flow <br \/> 5.2\tVertical up wet gas flow regimes <br \/> 5.2.1\tChurn flow  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>28<b><\/td>\n<td>5.2.2\tAnnular mist flow <br \/> 5.3\tVertical down wet gas flow regimes <br \/> 5.4\tInclined flow <br \/> 5.5\tExamples of wet gas flow regimes  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>29<b><\/td>\n<td>5.6\tFlow regime maps  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>30<b><\/td>\n<td>5.7\tDifferent wet gas flow parameters <br \/> 5.8\tWater in wet gas flow  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>31<b><\/td>\n<td>6\tWet gas flow metering principles <br \/> 6.1\tGeneral  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>32<b><\/td>\n<td>6.2\tIn-Line wet gas flow meters <br \/> 6.2.1\tSingle-phase gas flow meter with correction factor  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>33<b><\/td>\n<td>6.2.2\tTwo-phase wet gas flow meter <br \/> 6.2.3\tMultiphase wet gas flow meter <br \/> 6.3\tSingle-phase gas differential pressure meters with wet gas flow  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>34<b><\/td>\n<td>6.3.1\tDP Meter design influence on wet gas over-reading <br \/> 6.3.2\tLockhart-Martinelli parameter influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading <br \/> 6.3.3\tGas to liquid density ratio influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>35<b><\/td>\n<td>6.3.4\tGas densiometric Froude number influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading <br \/> 6.3.5\tDP meter orientation influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>37<b><\/td>\n<td>6.3.6\tInfluence of \u03b2 on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading <br \/> 6.3.7\tFluid property influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading <br \/> 6.3.8\tMeter size\/diameter influence on DP meter wet gas flow over-reading <br \/> 6.3.9\tApplying DP meter wet gas flow correlations  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>38<b><\/td>\n<td>6.4\tGeneral discussion on DP meter wet gas correlations <br \/> 6.4.1\tWet gas flow performance characterization vs. published wet gas correlations <br \/> 6.4.2\tHorizontally-installed orifice plate meter  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>40<b><\/td>\n<td>6.4.3\tHorizontally-installed Venturi meter  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>41<b><\/td>\n<td>6.4.4\tHorizontally-installed cone meter  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>42<b><\/td>\n<td>6.5\tGeneric two-phase wet gas meter designs <br \/> 6.5.1\tMultiple single-phase meters in series  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>44<b><\/td>\n<td>6.5.2\tDifferential pressure meter classical DP\/permanent pressure loss wet gas meters  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>45<b><\/td>\n<td>6.5.3\tFast response sensor system  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>46<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6\tMultiphase wet gas flow meters  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>47<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.1\tTrace water metering with multiphase wet gas flow meters <br \/> 6.6.2\tMultiphase wet gas flow meter subsystems  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>48<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.3\tPhase fraction device choices  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>50<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.4\tGas volume fraction vs. gas void fraction measurement <br \/> 6.6.5\tSemi-empirical multiphase flow calculation\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Slip model  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>51<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.6\tPVT (pressure volume temperature) models <br \/> 6.6.7\tMultiphase wet gas flow meter required fluid property inputs <br \/> 6.6.8\tMultiphase wet gas flow meter phase fraction measurement  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>52<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.9\tMeasurement of water salinity <br \/> 6.6.10\tMultiphase wet gas flow meter redundant subsystems and diagnostics  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>53<b><\/td>\n<td>6.6.11\tSelection of multiphase wet gas flow meter technologies <br \/> 6.7\tWet gas flow meter performance testing  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>54<b><\/td>\n<td>6.8\tVirtual metering system (VMS) <br \/> 7\tDP Meter Wet Gas Correlation Practical Issues  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>55<b><\/td>\n<td>7.1\tDP meter wet gas flow installation issues <br \/> 7.1.1\tLiquid flow rate estimation techniques  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>56<b><\/td>\n<td>7.1.2\tMonitoring wet gas liquid loading with a DP meter downstream port  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>58<b><\/td>\n<td>8\tDesign and Installation Considerations <br \/> 8.1\tDesign considerations <br \/> 8.1.1\tMeter orientation and fluid flow  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>59<b><\/td>\n<td>8.1.2\tMeter location relative to other piping components <br \/> 8.1.3\tUse of two-phase flow rate and composition maps  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>61<b><\/td>\n<td>8.1.4\tFluid sampling <br \/> 8.1.5\tRedundancy and external environmental considerations  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>62<b><\/td>\n<td>8.1.6\tSecurity  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>63<b><\/td>\n<td>8.1.7\tCost and project schedule implications <br \/> 8.2\tPerformance specifications  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>64<b><\/td>\n<td>8.3\tWet gas flow measurement uncertainty <br \/> 8.3.1\tUncertainty evaluation methodologies <br \/> 8.3.2\tAdditional factors affecting wet gas flow measurement uncertainty  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>65<b><\/td>\n<td>8.3.3\tExpressing uncertainty of wet gas flow rates <br \/> 9\tTesting, Verification and Calibration <br \/> 9.1\tMeter orientation  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>66<b><\/td>\n<td>9.2\tComments on flow regimes and mixers <br \/> 9.3\tInstallation requirements <br \/> 9.4\tWet gas flow characterization tests\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Single-phase DP meter baselines  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>67<b><\/td>\n<td>9.5\tWet gas flow facility operational considerations <br \/> 9.5.1\tTest facility operational issues\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Achieving thermodynamic equilibrium  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>69<b><\/td>\n<td>9.5.2\tTest facility operational issues\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Phase flow rate stability  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>70<b><\/td>\n<td>9.5.3\tTest facility operational issues\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Witnessing of tests  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>71<b><\/td>\n<td>9.6\tMeter testing in a wet gas flow facility  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>74<b><\/td>\n<td>10\tOperational and Field Verification Issues  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>75<b><\/td>\n<td>10.1\tLaboratory reference vs. field hydrocarbon flow composition estimates <br \/> 10.2\tLaboratory reference vs. field calibration of phase fractions <br \/> 10.3\tComparisons of multiphase wet gas flow meter and single-phase meter requirements <br \/> 10.3.1\tThe challenge of supplying multiphase wet gas flow fluid properties  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>76<b><\/td>\n<td>10.3.2\tConfidential slip models <br \/> 10.4\tThe importance of correct fluid property predictions  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>79<b><\/td>\n<td>10.4.1\tThe importance of gas properties when metering small liquid flow rates  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>80<b><\/td>\n<td>10.4.2\tPreparation for fluid property variations during meter service <br \/> 10.4.3\tFluid property sensitivity investigation  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>82<b><\/td>\n<td>10.5\tThe benefit of an initial wet gas flow facility test <br \/> 10.6\tLine size limitations for some multiphase meters <br \/> 10.7\tIn situ wet gas flow meter verification  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>83<b><\/td>\n<td>10.7.1\tReconciliation factors and meter output confidence <br \/> 10.8\tOperation and maintenance <br \/> 10.8.1\tSystem redundancy and diagnostics  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>84<b><\/td>\n<td>10.8.2\tOperating WGFM diagnostics  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>85<b><\/td>\n<td>10.9\tMiscellaneous operational issues <br \/> 10.9.1\tWet gas flow and DP transmitters  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>86<b><\/td>\n<td>10.9.2\tSoftware and fluid property update procedures <br \/> 10.9.3\tLong term trending comparisons with test facility\/factory characterization <br \/> 11\tCommon Field Issues <br \/> 11.1\tInefficient separator systems  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>87<b><\/td>\n<td>11.2\tSeparator systems\u00a0\u2014\u00a0An adverse environment for single-phase meters  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>88<b><\/td>\n<td>11.2.1\tSeparator Outlet deployment <br \/> 11.2.2\tGas Measurement at the separator outlet  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>89<b><\/td>\n<td>11.2.3\tLiquid Turbine Meter <br \/> 11.2.4\tPractical limitations of wet gas flow metering with separator technology  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>90<b><\/td>\n<td>11.3\tWet gas flow meter practical problems <br \/> 11.3.1\tConsiderations for wet gas flow metering  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>91<b><\/td>\n<td>11.3.2\tThe adverse effects of contamination, hydrates, scale, and salts  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>93<b><\/td>\n<td>11.3.3\tTheoretical, laboratory and actual wet gas flow conditions <br \/> 11.3.4\tUndisclosed WGFM calculation procedures  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>94<b><\/td>\n<td>11.3.5\tDifferential pressure measurement and wet gas flows  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>95<b><\/td>\n<td>11.3.6\tProblems due to lack of long time operating experience of WGFMs  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>96<b><\/td>\n<td>Annex\u00a0A (informative)  WGFM design checklist  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>98<b><\/td>\n<td>Annex\u00a0B (informative)  Wet gas parameters equations  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>99<b><\/td>\n<td>Bibliography  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><b>Natural Gas. Wet gas flow measurement in natural gas operations<\/b><\/p>\n<table class=\"shortdes-table\" style=\"width: 100%\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Published By<\/td>\n<td>Publication Date<\/td>\n<td>Number of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product-category\/publishers\/bsi\/\"><b>BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":293812,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[1081,2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-293807","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-75-180-30","7":"product_cat-bsi","9":"first","10":"instock","11":"sold-individually","12":"shipping-taxable","13":"purchasable","14":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/293807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/293812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=293807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=293807"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=293807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}